z_2023Fall_Ck12_Final_SG

Safety Protocols

• Laboratory Safety Rules

  • Never leave a lit burner nor hot plate unattended.

  • Hot glass looks the same as cold glass; handle with care.

  • Return all unused chemicals to their original containers.

  • Work areas should be kept clean and tidy.

  • Students must not have phones out during tests; maintain focus.

True/False Statements

• True

  • 8. Peer review helps ensure scientific papers are reliable.

  • 10. Temperature indicates particle kinetic energy.

  • 11. Precision measures how close experimental values are to one another.

  • 19. The octet rule states that atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a complete set of eight valence electrons.

  • 20. Several metals were known since ancient times.

• False

  • 9. Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of substance present.

  • 12. A chemical change does involve a change in the identity of the sample.

  • 13. A homogeneous mixture consists of only one phase.

  • 14. Six electrons cannot exist in a single p-orbital (only 2).

  • 17. [Kr]5s2 4d10 5p5 is not the correct electron configuration for Bromine; the correct configuration is [Ar]4s2 3d10 4p5.

Key Concepts in Chemistry

• Properties of Matter

  • Intensive vs. Extensive Properties: Intensive properties are independent of the amount of substance, while extensive properties depend on it.

  • Physical and Chemical Changes: Recognizing the difference; physical changes do not alter the composition.

• Mixtures and Solutions

  • Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous: Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform composition; heterogeneous have distinct phases.

  • Examples: Milk and orange juice are homogeneous solutions, while Gatorade is considered heterogeneous.

Atomic Structure and Electron Configuration

• Electron Configuration: Understand how to read and write electron configurations (e.g., Bromine).

• The Octet Rule: Importance in chemical bonding; relates to electron sharing and transfer.

Nuclear Chemistry

• Reactions: Understand differences between fission (light nuclei) and fusion (heavy nuclei) in nuclear processes.

• Isotopes and Decay: Key concepts in isotopes and how they behave in terms of decay and stability.

Stellar Formation and Evolution

• Galaxy Structure: The Milky Way Galaxy consists of a disk and a central bulge.

• Nuclear Fusion: The primary process for energy production in stars, particularly in main-sequence stars.

Earth and Solar System

• Structure of the Earth: Layers of the Earth, core and mantle differences, and implications for tectonic activity.

• Geological Activity: Activity related to plate tectonics and its relationships to Earth’s crust.

Scientific Method & Measurement

• Method Steps: Importance of following structured scientific inquiry to generate reliable data.

• Units and Measurements: Importance of SI units for mass, volume, etc., and how to convert between them.

  • e.g., 1 kg = 1000 g, significant figures in measurements.

Student Responsibilities and Classroom Policies

• Test Procedures: Understand expectations for test-taking and submission of assignments.

• Late Work: Know the policy regarding late submissions and consequences.

• Absence Policies: Understand how many days are allowed to make up missed work.