Key Topics in Lecture 6

1. Human Development Index (HDI)

  • Definition: A composite measure of human development, reflecting achievements in:

    1. Health (life expectancy)

    2. Education (mean and expected years of schooling)

    3. Standard of living (Gross National Income per capita)

  • The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices for each of these dimensions.


2. Education Index (EI)

  • Definition: A measure combining:

    1. Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI): Average years of schooling for adults.

    2. Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI): Expected years of schooling for children.

  • Formula: EI = (MYSI + EYSI) / 2


🚺 II. Gender Equality and Gender Inequality Metrics

1. Gender Equality Concepts

  • Definition: Equal access to resources, opportunities, and rights for all genders.

  • Aspects of Gender Equality:

    • 📚 Equal Access: To education, employment, and career growth.

    • Equal Opportunities: Participation in decision-making and leadership.

    • 🏡 Equal Responsibilities: Shared household and childcare duties.

    • 🚫 Freedom from Violence: Protection from gender-based violence and coercion.


2. Gender Inequality Statistics & Time Projections:

  • Women still face major inequalities globally:

    • 💰 Earn 23% less than men in labor markets.

    • 🏡 Spend 3 times more hours in unpaid domestic work than men.

    • Experience violence, exploitation, and underrepresentation in leadership.

Projected Time to Close Key Gender Gaps:

  • 300 years to end child marriage.

  • 286 years to close gaps in legal protection and remove discriminatory laws.

  • 140 years for equal representation in corporate leadership.

  • 47 years for equal representation in national parliaments.


3. Gender Inequality Index (GII)

  • Definition: A composite measure of gender-based disadvantage using three dimensions:

    1. Reproductive Health: Maternal mortality and adolescent birth rates.

    2. Empowerment: Representation in parliament and educational attainment.

    3. Labor Market: Participation rates of men and women.

  • Resource: 🌐 Gender Inequality Index – UNDP


💧 III. Clean Water and Sanitation (SDG 6)

1. Current Global Water Crisis (2022):

  • 2.2 billion people lacked safely managed drinking water (700 million had no basic service).

  • 3.5 billion people lacked safely managed sanitation (1.5 billion had no basic sanitation).

  • 2 billion people lacked basic handwashing facilities (653 million had none at all).

2. Steps to Improve Water Access:

  • 💧 Investments in infrastructure and sanitation facilities.

  • 🌱 Protection and restoration of water-related ecosystems.

  • 🧼 Hygiene education campaigns.


3. Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Performance Index


4. WASH Needs Index

  • Definition: Scores countries from 0 to 1 to prioritize those in greatest need of WASH programming.

  • Principle Law: Water for the World Act (2014), which builds on the Water for the Poor Act (2005) and mandates prioritization of high-need countries for WASH projects.

IV. Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG 7)

1. Current Global Energy Access:

  • From 2015 to 2021, global access to electricity rose to 90%.

  • However, 675 million people still lacked electricity in 2021.

2. Actions Required for Clean Energy:

  • Invest in renewable sources like solar, wind, and hydro power.

  • Accelerate electrification efforts, especially in remote areas.

  • 🏗 Expand energy infrastructure and upgrade technologies in developing regions.

  • 🌿 Improve energy efficiency and reduce waste.

  • 📜 Develop enabling policies and regulatory frameworks to promote clean energy adoption.

💼 VI. Decent Work and Economic Growth (SDG 8)

1. Definition of Decent Work:

  • Decent work means:

    • 💰 Fair income and productive employment.

    • 🛡 Workplace security and social protection for families.

    • 📈 Opportunities for career growth and social inclusion.

2. Definition of Economic Growth:

  • Economic Growth: The increase in an economy's capacity to produce goods and services over time.

    • Traditionally measured by:
      📊 Gross National Product (GNP)
      📊 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)


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