Confidentiality: information between a patient and a therapist cannot be shared with anyone

• Confidentiality CAN be broken if…

• 1. You are a danger to yourself and threaten to harm yourself (e.g., suicidal).

• 2. You threaten to harm another specific person (e.g., assault, kill).

Insanity defense: a defendant's claim that they were so mentally disturbed at the time of their criminal act that they should not be held accountable for it

The Rosenhan Study: an experiment conducted by psychologist David Rosenhan in which healthy individuals pretended to have hallucinations to be admitted into psychiatric hospitals. The study highlighted the potential dangers and inaccuracies of psychiatric diagnoses.

ADHD: a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

medical model: the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital

DSM-IV-TR: the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, with an updated "text revision"; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

ANXIETY DISORDERS

generalized anxiety disorder: an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

panic disorder: an anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

phobia: an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

OCD: an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).

post-traumatic stress disorder: an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

post-traumatic growth: The positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.

somatoform disorder: A class of psychological disorders involving physical ailments with no authentic organic basis that are due to psychological factors.

conversion disorder: a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

hypochondriasis: a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

dissociative identity disorder: a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

MOOD DISORDERS

major depressive disorder: a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

mania: a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

bipolar disorder: a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

schizophrenia: a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

delusions: false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

COMMON MOOD DISORDERS

depression, manic disorder, bipolar

PERSONALITY DISORDERS

antisocial personality disorder: a personality disorder is one in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. They may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 677)

Reciprocal determinism: Bandura's explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior, the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors

self-fulfilling prophecies: A concept that proposes a person will behave in ways consistent with how he or she is perceived by others.

SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENTS TO PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

Mood Disorders
Symptoms: Fast weight change, change in sleep patterns, Isolation
Treatment: Antidepressants, and psychotherapy

Personality Disorders
Symptoms: Desperate, impulsive, low self-esteem
Treatment: Medication, Psychological treatment (including family involvement)

Anxiety Disorders
Symptoms: Trembling, anxiety, twitching, irritability, easily startled
Treatments: Medication, Psychological treatment (for instance, cognitive behavioral therapy), Relaxation techniques, Biofeedback

Dissociative Disorders
Symptoms: Amnesia, alternate identities, memory loss,
Treatments: Psychotherapy and medications

Systematic Desensitization: also known as graduated exposure therapy is a type of behavior therapy used in the field of psychology to help effectively overcome phobias and other anxiety disorders.

Client-centered therapy: is a form of talk-psychotherapy developed by psychologist Carl Rogers in the 1940s and 1950s. The goal is to provide clients with an opportunity to develop a sense of self wherein they can realize how their attitudes, feelings and behavior are being negatively affected.

family therapy: Family therapy, also referred to as couple and family therapy, marriage and family therapy, family systems therapy, and family counseling, is a branch of psychotherapy that works with families and couples in intimate relationships to nurture change and development.

eclectic therapy: a therapeutic approach that draws upon principles and techniques representing different schools of therapy.

Aversive Conditioning: A type of counter-conditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

token economy: An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats. Reward system.

TREATMENTS TO PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

There are six main groups of psychiatric medications.

1. Antidepressants: which treat disparate disorders such as clinical depression, dysthymia, anxiety, eating disorders and borderline personality disorder
2. Stimulants: which treat disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy, and suppress the appetite.
3. Antipsychotics: which treat psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia and psychotic symptoms occurring in the context of other disorders such as mood disorders.
4. Mood stabilizers: which treat bipolar disorder and schizoaffective disorder.
5. Anxiolytics: which treat anxiety disorders.
6. Depressants: These are used as hypnotics, sedatives, and anesthetics.
7. Hallucinogens: have been used in psychiatric medication in the past.

antipsychotics; Categories

There are two categories of antipsychotics
Typical antipsychotics:
1. Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
2. Haloperidol (Haldol)
3. Perphenazine (Trilafon)
4. Thioridazine (Melleril)
5. Thiothixene (Navane)
6. Flupenthixol (Fluanxol)
7. Trifluoperazine (Stelazine)

Atypical antipsychotics:
1. Aripiprazole (Abilify)
2. Clozapine (Clozaril)
3. Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
4. Paliperidone (Invega)
5. Quetiapine (Seroquel)
6. Risperidone (Risperdal)
7. Zotepine (Nipolept)
8. Ziprasidone (Geodon)

Valium ~ Antianxiety Agent
- It works by slowing down the nerves in the brain (i.e., central nervous system).
- side effects: drowsiness, tired feeling,memory problems; dizziness, spinning sensation,feeling restless or irritable; muscle weakness; nausea, constipation

Prozac ~ Anti-Depressent
- how it works: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors work by increasing the amount of a neurotransmitter, called serotonin, which is available in certain parts of the brain.
- Side effects: Headache, Nausea,Insomnia, sleeplessness),Appetite loss, Diaharea.

cortisol: A stress hormone that releases sugars into the blood, helping to prepare the body to respond to a threat.

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

IMPORTANT PEOPLE

Contributions of Aaron Beck: a psychiatrist who is credited with creating cognitive therapy for disorders such as depression and anxiety

Contributions of Albert Ellis: Developed the psychotherapeutic approach known as rational emotive behavior therapy

Contributions of Sigmund Freud: Often known as the father of modern psychology and psychoanalysis. Believed that the unconscious determines everything we do. He founded psychodynamic therapy.

Contributions of Mary Cover Jones: Behaviorist psychologist who designed and performed an experiment that associated a rabbit, an animal that a child feared, with the relaxing feelings of eating so that the child's previous fear was replaced with a pleasurable experience; experiment not well known at the time

Contributions of Carl Rogers: Developed the widely used humanistic technique called client-centered therapy

Contributions of B. F. Skinner: Behavior psychologist who researched operant conditioning

Contributions of Joseph Wolpe: Psychiatrist who refined Jones' technique into the behavior therapy called exposure therapy