Dr. Neetika Shrivastava
Management is a process of coordinating actions and allocating resources to achieve organizational goals.
Leadership is the ability to influence a group toward goal achievement.
Sherman (1995) emphasizes aligning people toward common goals and empowering them to act.
Leadership is a process of influence where leaders encourage others towards achieving goals.
Types of Leadership:
Formal Leadership: Based on a positional role in an organization.
Informal Leadership: Emerges when an individual demonstrates influence or leadership qualities without formal authority.
Leadership focuses on creating change; management copes with complexity.
Characteristics of leaders include:
A vision for the future.
The ability to inspire and align people.
Integrity based on self-awareness and honesty.
Manager Characteristics:
Administers, maintains systems, focuses on control, and emphasizes short-term outcomes.
Leader Characteristics:
Innovates, develops people, inspires trust, focuses on long-range goals, and challenges the status quo.
Key Approaches to Leadership Theories:
Trait Approach
Behavioral Approach
Contingency Approach
Key leadership traits identified include:
Ambition, energy, honesty, self-confidence, intelligence, and relevant job knowledge.
Great Man Theory: Suggests leaders are born with necessary traits.
Limitations of trait theories include:
No universal traits universally predict leadership effectiveness.
Traits are better predictors of leadership appearance than effectiveness.
Autocratic Leadership: Centralized decision making; leader commands and controls.
Democratic Leadership: Participatory decision-making; delegates authority.
Laissez-faire Leadership: Passive-style; defers decision-making.
Ohio State Studies:
Initiating Structure: Defining and structuring roles for goal achievement.
Consideration: Building mutual trust and respect with subordinates.
University of Michigan Studies:
Employee-centered leaders are more effective than job-centered leaders.
Management styles based on concern for people vs. production:
1,9 (Country Club Management): Comfort and relationships prioritized.
9,9 (Team Management): Focus on both tasks and relationships.
1,1 (Impoverished Management): Minimal effort to maintain membership.
Acknowledges that situational factors influence leadership effectiveness.
Fiedler’s Contingency Theory: The effectiveness of a leadership style depends on the match between the leader's style and the situation's favorability.
Measurement of leadership style through the Least-Preferred Co-worker (LPC) scale; higher scores indicate relationship-oriented leaders, lower scores suggest task-oriented ones.
Effective Leadership Situations:
Task-oriented leaders succeed in favorable or unfavorable situations, while relationship-oriented leaders thrive in moderately favorable conditions.
Situational leadership focuses on adjusting style based on follower readiness, categorized into:
Telling: High task, low relationship
Selling: High task, high relationship
Participating: Low task, high relationship
Delegating: Low task, low relationship.
The role of the leader is to assist and motivate followers towards achieving goals compatible with group objectives.
Leadership styles in Path-Goal Theory:
Directive: Focused on structure.
Supportive: Relationship-focused.
Participative: Involves followers in decisions.
Achievement-oriented: High structure and support.
Charismatic leaders possess self-confidence, vision, and the ability to inspire enthusiasm among followers.
Fosters engagement in a collective purpose among followers, characterized by high levels of motivation and cooperation.
Essential Traits Include:
Passion, honesty, empathy, innovation, stress tolerance, and commitment to goals.
Emotional Intelligence: Critical for understanding and managing emotions in leadership.
Organizations of the future will focus on knowledge and interconnectedness.
New Leadership Approach: Focus on guiding using vision, mutual values, and fostering individual growth within a self-organizing framework.