Came to power on the Promise that he would rebuild Germany and take revenge for the treaty of versailles
March 1933: The Enabling Act; He was giving full power of the country. He told the people that there was no way he would be able to “save” the country if he didn’t have full control.
He answered to no one.
He wasn’t as intelligent as most thought, he surrounded himself with smart and powerful people that boosted his public image.
He never signed off on anything to do with the holocaust on paper which gave him plausible deniability.
T4 is the only document he ever signed off on

1938, March: The Anschluss occurs (Germany annexes/absorbs Austria followed by the Sudetenland around Czechoslovakia.)
1938, November 9th and 19th: Kristallnacht attacks against Jewish homes, businesses, persons, and synagogues. 91 people die and 30,000 Jewish boys and men are arrested and sent to work camps.

United states, france, italy, and great britain were all apart of the Treaty of Versaille

Hitler was seeking revenge

War breaks out

September 1st, 1939: Germany invades poland setting off WWII

Germans dressed as Polish soldiers to attack their own radio station in upper Silesia the night before
This is what started WWII
The Emergency Quota Act of 1924 prevents Austria (26,000), Polish Jews (6,500) and Romanian Jews (377).

1938: only 23% of Americans were in favor of raising immigrant quotas

Once again driven by isolationism and americanism : fear of immigrants, foreigners, and “the others”

St Louis Boat

In 1939 it carried 937 Jewish refugees aboard
They were turned away from Miami and Cuba, so they were sent back to Europe
1/3 of passengers later died in the Holocaust

Powerhouses

Allied Powers

Great Britain
France
United States (1941)
USSR (Soviet Union) (1941)
India
Australia (1941)
Canada

Axis Powers

Germany
Italy
Japan
Romania
Bulgaria
Hungary

Blitzkrieg Blitz aka Lightning Warfare

September 3rd - France and Britain declared war on Germany

Saar Offensive in France: Blitzkrieg German Tactic
France fell in 6 weeks; by the spring of 1940 Hitler controlled 1/2 of Europe

Dunkirk was an allied evacuation mission

Great Britain considered a conditional surrender

London Blitz

Attack on civilians in industrial centers
Ran from September 1940 - May 1941
Ran for 57 consecutive nights

Pearl Harbor

December 7th 1941

Surprise attack in the early Sunday morning hours.

Isoroku Yamamoto

A japanese marshal admiral & mitsuo fuchida captain leading air attacks

Ford Landing air strip, Wheeler Air Force Base, and all other air strips targeted first.

Battleship row - USS Arizona sunk, USS Oklahoma capsized, USS California, West Virginia, Tennessee, Nevada, Maryland, and Pennsylvania all hit.

188 aircraft destroyed, 1,200 men wounded and 2,400 killed. 68 Civilians killed, 35 wounded.

A third wave was planned to destroy oil fields, dry docks, and munitions and torpedo storage.

Pearl Harbor was the first major foreign attack on US soil since the war of 1812

We thought we were at peace with Japan

The U.S enters war

FDR petitioned congress to go to war
“A day which will live in infamy” : FDR quote
Fireside chats: he's talking as much as he can about the war without disclosing too much information

The U.S sent Japanese and Japanese Americans to Japanese Internment Camps because they were affiliated with Pearl Harbor

Western U.S states
February 1942 - June 1946
About 110,000 - 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry descent.
Between 62% - 65% of U.S citizens.

Slide 8: leadership of the U.K, The U.S and Germany

Rommel was known as the desert fox

North African “Desert Campaign”

Patton commanded U.S forces
Rommel “Desert Fox”
Montgomery commanded U.K

Operation Torch

November 8-11, 1942

Battle of Tunisia

November - March, 1943

The U.S entered both of these wars and made Africa2 surrender.

Pacific Theaters were mostly fought by marines

Western theaters is mostly Europe (Gentleman's Warfare)

They were less hardcore that the pacific theater
Don’t mess with the medic

Pacific theaters (sadistic warfare)

PTSD
They trained guys for the terrain, and the weather
It was very very hot and humid
You do not surrender
There is no honor in dying at the hand of someone else; they rathered you slash your stomach to “free your soul” and yourself

Battan, Philippines

Batan: province on the Phillipines Island of Luzon

January 1942: japanese invaded the Philippines

General Douglas MacArthur; Commander in Chief of all U.S & Filipino forces

FDR ordered MacArthur to relocate to Australia

April 9th, 1942 Major

Kamikaze: Japanese suicide pilots

The battle of leyte is one of the first known use of these pilots

D-Day Normandy Landings

June 6, 1944

Beach divided into 5 sectors

Omaha (2,000 men died in 5 hours)
Utah
Gold
Juno
Sword

- Higgins Boats

- Pointe Du Hoc

- 10,000 fell in one day: only 4,414 confirmed/found

Releasing Hell

Manhattan Project

That was the

Robert Oppenheimer is the father of the atomic bomb

Fatman was a bomb and so was little boy

The Great Depression Era Unit 8 (1929-1939)

Thursday, October 24, 1929 - stock market prices plummeted.

10$ billion lost in hours (100 billion today)
Investors dropped their portfolios

Tuesday, October 29th, 1929 known as “Black Tuesday”

U.S steel went from $262 a share to $22

5 Major Factors of the Great Depression

Stock Market Crash of October 1929
The Roaring 20s : LEADING CAUSE
The Dust Bowl : Agriculture
Massive Unemployment
Ensuing Global Crisis

The Roaring 20s

American production was too focused on luxury industries
Luxurious spending like cars, appliances, furniture, etc
Too many Americans were buying these luxury items on credit and installment payment plans

Stock Market Crash of October 1929

Only about 3% of average Americans played the market : but this had a domino effect
Margin buying : taking out a loan or putting up assets like your car or house to obtain money to put down in an investment in stock (then you lose EVERYTHING)

The Dust Bowl - Agriculture

WWI caused an uptick in necessary food production
Farmers purchased tractors, combines, and other equipment on credit causing them to go into debt and have to foreclose on their properties.

Massive Unemployment

With profits falling, the workforce had to be cut which continued the vicious cycle of no money for consumers = no profit for the sellers/production
After clearing out their bank accounts, the banks often went bankrupt and those who survived were no longer giving out loans
Some 15 million Americans were unemployed until 1933

Ensuing Global Crisis

European Governments were unable to re-pay American loans
America was stuck “holding the check” and no national market truly held any worthwhile spending power
It was a matter of who had it the least worse with the coutries

People were losing their jobs, and they couldn’t find new ones because everything was closing down. So they had no job, or money. They couldn’t afford to pay for food or housing or resources.

Herbert Hoover

31st President 1929-1933 (first ever public position)
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act: March 1930, intended to raise import duties/prices to protect American businesses and farmers.

Andrew Mellon (Secretary of Treasury

1924: Mellon plan reduced taxes for wealthy businesses and individuals
Mellon suggested liquidating farmers, stocks, labor, and re-estate and essentially restarting all. Luckily, Hoover did not take this advice

Hoover DID

Set up “bailouts” with wealthy industrialists
Establish the Federal Farm Board in 1929 to support American agriculture
Created new public works: Hoover dam, bridges, schools, hospitals. This created new jobs

Despite everything Hoover did accomplish it wasn’t enough to save the U.S from the Great Depression

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Teddy Roosevelt's cousin

32nd President, 1933-1945, Democrat
1932 Presidential Platform - repairing the economy, rebuilding American lives with a

“New Deal” and repeal of prohibitions

First New Deal (1933-1934)

National Recovery Administration (NRA): created by the National Industrial Recovery Act in order to stimulate recovery through fair-practice codes
Emergency Banking Act - 1933: gave the president power to determine the opening and closing of banks and authorized the Federal Reserve Banks to issue bank notes
Established the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) to distribute relief to state governments
Set up the Agriculture Adjustment Agency: encouraged farmers to focus on cultivated land (rather than starting up a new farm or field from scratch) and cutting herd numbers
Began the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). It increased Public Work Divisions.

The Blue Ridge Parkway was the major project of the CCC

Second New Deal

1935: National Labor Relations Act: established more workers protection, regulated compensation, working hours and benefit especially through unions
1935: Social Security Act: established benefits for the elderly, victims of industrial accidents, unemployment insurance, aid for mothers and children, the blind

Dust Bowl

Recurring event in the 1930s (happened numerous times)
Recurring event in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas

Caused by

Overusing social
Overusing heavy machinery
Windy conditions/weather

Escapism in the 1930s

The mickey mouse club
Radio was huge
Jigsaw puzzles (board games)

Bonnie & Clyde

They tried to cut of clydes trigger finger
They tried to take bonnie's wedding ring
FBI launched one of their biggest manhunts ever
In 1932 they began robbing homes, stores, gas stations, and banks (they killed 13 people)
May 23, 1934: they drove into an ambush, 150 bullets hit the car

Makeup began with american beauty

Make up started in america in the 1920s and 1930s

Max factor coined the term “make up” for everyday use outside of Hollywood

Max factors claim to fame was the creation of

Pan-cake

Men wore

Two toned cap toe oxfords, lace up boots
Hats: boaters, fedoras, newsboys caps, derby
Hair: well oiled side part, clean shaven pencil moustaches
Yachting outfits, golfing knickers, tailcoats (fancy tails)

Emergency quota act - 1921

If in 1910 3,00 immigrants came, in 1921 only 90 could come from that same specific country

President harding was hard on immigration

He was elected after Woodrow Wilson
He is a republican

The jews could not leave Hitler

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

Founded in 1929 when Ben Garza united 3 organizations in Texas
Fought for the civil rights and desegregation of Latin Americans
Many mexican American families worked fields and farms in the American Southwest
Some children were unable to attend school, and those who could were segregated to “Mexican schools”
Mexican Americans were not allowed to learn English - which prevented them from gaining employment in numerous careers.

Marcus Garvey

Born in Jamaica
Publisher, Journalist, Businessman, Activist, Politician, Speaker
The first voice for black nationalism: advocacy and support for african descendant across the globe
He believed if you are of african descent you should return to africa
In 1914 he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and African Communities League
In 1919-1922 Black starline: transport company to take passengers to Liberia, Africa
Rastafari has Garvey has the most influential leader of their time
First genocide in the 20th century was in Africa: Hereo Genocide

Religion

Anything that wasn’t

Art Types

Art Deco

- modern sleek, anti traditional, sophisticated

- gold, black, blues, greens, mauves, pinks, turquoise

- EXAMPLE: Rockefeller center

Expressionism

Originated in Germany before WWI, it emphasized presentation of the world-internally and externally
Could imitate real life or fight accepted forms and norms
Edvard Munch, Wassily Kandinsky, Erich Heckel
The cabinet of Dr.Caligari: 1920 silent German horror film considered a quintessential work of German Expressionist film
EXAMPLE: The Scream By: Edvard Munch, in March 1893

Dadaism

Began in Germany and Switzerland (1915ish-1922)
Its purpose was to ridicule the meaninglessness of the modern world
Influenced surrealism, pop art, and punk rock. It went against the standards of society
It stripped everything clean; showed every flaw, every “stretch mark” (wanted to be genuine)
Otto Dix, Marcel Duchamp, Tristan Tzara, Elsa Von
EXAMPLE: The Skat Players By Otto Six, In 1920

Surrealism

Rose from Dadaism, but took the expression of dream-like, subconscious contrast of the world.
Feels like an acid trip
What is time?
Frida Kalo

American Modernism

Between WWI and WWII
Focused on experimentation
Teacher got fired for showing a picture of a flower that resemble female body part

The Jazz Age

Louie Armstrong played the trumpet

Duke Ellingotn played the piano

A period in the U.S characterized as a period of carefree wealth, freedom, and youthful exuberance
Fitzgerlad wrote the Great Gatsby

Radium Girls

Discovered in 1898 by Pierre and Marie Curie
During WWI radium was combined with paint to make luminous paint for clock hands, dials, and navigation equipment
Young women were hired in factories to paint the instruments (an estimate in 4,000)
The women were told to use their lips to create the perfect tip; when doing this they accidentally swallowed the radium
They started to get tumors
Their employers didn’t take their complaints seriously
Nickname was the Ghost Girls