AP Euro: Unit 11 - Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism

Congress of Vienna, Concerts of Europe, and Worldwide Revolutions

• undoing Napoleon's Europe:
  • after the defeat of Napoleon, European leaders held a meeting/Congress of Vienna (1814)
    • Congress of Vienna's goals:
      • undo Napoleon's organization of Europe (he installed rulers loyal to him)
      • restore legitimate rulers (of royal bloodline) to thrones to preserve traditional institution (principle of legitimacy) (ex. a Bourbon becomes a new Louis (XVII))
  • doesn't benefit everyone:
    • Austria, Prussia, Russia, and England were out to improve their own nations at the expense of smaller nations (ex. Poland)
      • ex. Austria's Prince Klemens von Metternich was an egomaniac, France's Tallyrand - XYZ affair
  • borders of Europe redrawn:
    • 'independent' Poland was split between Austria, Prussia, and Russia
    • Austria got new land in the Italian border for the loss of the Netherlands
    • Prussia got Westphalia, Saxony, and Western bank of the Rhine
• balance of power:
  • Metternich and others claimed redrawing borders their way prevented any one European power from doing what Napoleon did because the remaining nations were mostly large and powerful
  • dealing with France:
    • France was allowed to keep territorial borders
    • the Congress enlarged Netherlands and Sardinia/Piedmont to surround France (otherwise surrounded by Prussia, Austria, and Spain)
    • since France was enthusiastic about Napoleon's return, France was occupied by foreign armies for 5 years and forced to pay war debt
• Concerts of Europe:
  • Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia continued to hold meetings after Vienna
  • goals:
    • keep peace and settle disputes
    • keep balance of power in Europe
    • eventually stop occupation of France
    • stop nationalist movements and rebellions from threatening peace by sending armies (principle of intervention)
• principle of intervention:
  • England didn't agree with sending militaries to deal with movements and didn't join joint military campaigns (troops sent crush opposition/revolutions and restore legitimate monarchs to throne in Spain and Italy)
    • Britain was more liberal (more democratic government)
  • Metternich and supports (and most of Europe) represented the conservative ideology:
    • maintained that the old order (monarch systems) had resulted in a stable and orderly society that endured
    • resisted liberal/enlightenment ideals of the French Revolution
• Napoleon helps Latin America: 
  • Napoleon conquered Spain temporarily and Spain's government was no more --> Enlightened Creoles (America-born sons of Spanish aristocrats who moved to America) seized the opportunity to gain independence
    • Creole named Simon Bolivar (great admirer of French and American revolutions) gathered revolutionary forces and attempted to win freedom for Venezuela
• legacy of Simon Bolivar:
  • won independence for most of Latin America
  • known as 'the liberator'
  • exiled twice to Haiti
  • joined forces with Jose de San Martin who helped win independence for Argentina and Chile
• Brazil:
  • Pedro ruled Portugal until Napoleon came into Spain --> he took sail for Brazil (Portugal's colony) because he didn't want to be forcibly ousted 
  • he was loved by subjects in Brazil so even after Napoleon was defeated, Pedro wanted to stay in Brazil --> crowned emperor Pedro in Brazil (peaceful transfer of power like Glorious Revolution)
• revolutions in Europe:
  • revolutions swept through Europe 1815-1850 (except Russia and England) against established governments and status quo set at the Congress of Vienna
  • brought on by clashing ideals of several major popular philosophies within societies (conservatism, liberalism, socialism, nationalism)
• nationalism:
  • feelings of pride in nation (common institutions, language, customs, traditions bind society together)
  • each nationality deserved its own government and had the right to self-determination (right to do what you want to do, form own history, choose own government)
  • prevalent among conquered people:
    • ex. Austria was composed of 11 different groups, each claiming their own nationality and wanting freedom from Austria
  • can be a force that brings people/nations together, or tears people/nations apart
• conservatism:
  • maintained 'old order' (monarchies) had resulted in a stable/orderly society that endured so legitimate monarchs needed to be restored
  • favor obedience to political authority, organized religion is crucial, hated rebellions, community > individual rights, wealth disparity
  • state/nation is partnership between those who are living, the dead, and the yet-to-be-born --> no generation was right to destroy the partnership and each generation has duty to preserve and transmit it to the next generation
• liberalism:
  • follows enlightenment ideals
  • two types - economic and political:
    • economic:
      • laissez-faire (no government interference in economy)
      • government should only defend, protect, and build/maintain infrastructure
    • political:
      • protection of civil liberties and basic rights
      • protections need to be guaranteed in written doc
      • religious toleration
      • separation of powers
• socialism:
  • wanted to introduce equality into all social systems 
  • cooperation > competition
  • capitalism exploits workers and creates lifestyle gap between the rich and poor
  • people, not private individuals, own and operate the means of production (MOP) (factories, farms, etc. that produce and sell good in capitalist societies) and share equally in rewards
• socialism in action:
  • early socialists were called Utopians because their dreams were impractical for the real world
  • Robert Owen:
    • set up community in Scotland to put socialist ideas in practice --> provided most things at cost to people of community and eventually ran out of money
    • believed without rich and poor social classes, there would be no fighting in society (people would share equally in work except children because there would be no child labor)
• other important points:
  • landowning elites wanted to use land to benefit themselves (have common people work land --> nobles have all profit/power --> reinstitute old order) while new industrialists want infrastructure to support industrialization (their factories/businesses)
• revolts of liberal and nationalist variety:
  • the Ottoman Empire was like the Austrian Empire:
    • made up of conquered people
    • 'ruled' by one person (Ottoman Sultan, Austrian Emperor)
  • Serbia (1804-1830):
    • Russia agreed to help their independence movement because they had the same language, religion, and ancestry
    • Serbs won autonomy (self-rule) within Ottoman Empire
    • Ottoman Sultan later agreed to formal independence (crucial in starting WWI)
• Greece, Moldovia, and Wallachia (whole region known as the Balkans):
  • Greece:
    • birthplace of democracy
    • fighting holy war (Ottomans are Muslim)
    • Great Britain and France sent armada to help Greece
    • Russia convinced Ottomans to grant Greece freedom
    • Greece forced to accept German king to appease conservatives
  • Moldovia and Wallachia:
    • Russians invade in 1828 and by 1829, they are independent
    • later becomes Romania
• unsuccessful liberal and nationalist revolts:
  • Spain:
    • ruled by a Bourbon (Ferdinand VII) who ignored liberal constitution he promised to uphold
    • king was besieged by rebellion until French army crossed Pyrenees and destroyed revolt (principle of intervention)
  • Italian States:
    • dominated by Austria
    • 9 separate states
    • Austrians crush revolts in Italian States
    • Austria claimed 2 border regions in redrawing of borders
    • strong sense of Italian nationalism (break away from Austria and bring country together)
    • Giuseppe Mazzini was leading figure in unification
  • German Confederation (aka Confederation of Rhine):
    • 38 sovereign states
    • had 2 options to look for leadership and protection (Austria or Prussia)
    • liberal student societies (Burschenschaften) start movement to unite states into single political unit --> Austria intervenes but seeds of nationalism were planted
• rocky restoration:
  • Louis XVIII restored to legitimate throne after 23 years in exile:
    • held most of the power
    • shared limited amount of power with 2 house assembly
    • established Charter of French Liberties (new constitution)
    • weak king (ultraroyalists pressured him to return their traditional positions as aristocrats and to restore the power of the church)
  • Louis XVIII died and his younger brother, Charles X, inherited the throne:
    • church given power to run schools again
    • returned lands/titles to ultraroyalists
    • unpopular
    • forced to compromise and forced to make ministers answerable to parliament (ministerial responsibility - balances power between the king and parliament), later revokes this
    • tries to dissolve legislature and call for new elections
    • sets France up for another revolution
• Revolution of 1830:
  • Charles X tried to censor free press, reject new constitution, and suspend assembly --> rebellion
  • rebels captured Paris and Charles X flees to England 
  • July Revolution
  • set up constitutional monarchy which further limited the power of the king
• new government and new king:
  • chose Louis Philippe as king (cousin of Charles X, supporter of French Revolution)
  • 'citizen king' because he owed his rise to throne to the people
  • got along with middle and upper classes
  • man of the people
  • liberal minded
• another revolution:
  • Louis Philippe's government was corrupt 
  • during industrial revolution, workers felt exploited --> socialism on the rise, calls for the abolition of private property
  • recession hits and poor harvests inflate food prices even more --> irritated people post criticisms in newspapers
  • Louis tries to censor press and prohibit meetings in public --> people riot (February Days)
  • Louis was abdicated and a new '2nd republic' was created
• June Days and election:
  • government of 2nd republic was weak and dominated by the wealthy
  • government shut down socialist projects/national workshops (govt-run job programs) in June and working classes rioted in Paris
    • over 1500 were killed
  • class resentments formed between the wealthy and poor
  • fear of socialism increases
  • 2nd republic expanded voting rights to all male citizens (before - 200k, after - 9 million)
  • new president was elected
• new emperor:
  • Louis Napoleon (nephew of Napoleon) declared himself emperor and ended the republic
  • had people vote and 90% wanted a 2nd empire (because it was more stable than a republic)
  • when removed from power, the 3rd French Republic began
• England (Rule of Tories)
  • constitutional monarchy (liberal by most European standards) but conservative forces were also in control
  • most seats in legislature were called pocket/rotten boroughs, whose voting districts were rigged by rich/powerful people to control the House of Commons (supposedly made up of common people)
  • 2 political factions (both from aristocratic classes):
    • Whigs:
      • tried to help support new industrial working class
    • Tories
      • controlled House of Lords and Commons
• government corruption:
  • Tories used political power to rig elections and pass laws to enrich themselves
    • passed Corn Laws which placed high tariffs on foreign grain, and wealthy landowners (Tories) raised prices of own crops to just less than the price of foreign grain
      • wealthy landowners got richer and the poor paid more for food --> food shortage and public demonstrations --> government opened fire and killed people (Peterloo Massacre)
• reform in England:
  • Reform Act of 1832:
    • got rid of pocket/rotten boroughs and redrew district lines --> new/fair representation (even some people from working class)
  • expanded right to vote by qualifying people who paid a rent
    • millions still couldn't vote
  • repealed Corn Laws
  • passed Poor Laws
    • people believed unemployment was the result of laziness 
    • poor houses were available but horrible conditions forced people to reenter labor market
• Russia exposed to new ideas:
  • rural and agrarian society where people were still serfs, haven't industrialized, and enlightenment ideas were foreign (because of govt censorship)
  • Catherine the Great supported Enlightenment thinkers but didn't pass reforms and there were still rebellions
  • liberal Tsar Alexander I started to make liberal reforms (education system, some free press, etc.) but didn't abolish serfdom because it would alienate nobles
• toward an ordered society:
  • large cities needed transition in law enforcement because nations had outdated law enforcement systems that needed restructuring
    • England's constables (unpaid, caused crimes, violent) were replaced with bobbies to prevent crime
    • French Serjents wore uniforms to be identifiable
    • Germany had Shchutzmannschaft from military backgrounds
• prison reform:
  • used to not differentiate between types of criminals (semi-separate cells at night, all in commonplace during the day)
  • reforms based on American prison systems (separate criminals by crime, isolate them, etc.)
  • England develops a penal colony in Australia (sent criminals into exile to clear land for settlers)
• romanticism:
  • people were looking to return to simpler times before the chaos of political and industrial revolutions
  • Rousseau was significant to the development of romanticism because he emphasized the role of emotions in moral improvement
  • about imagination, freedom, and emotions
  • development of a romantic hero (a misfit essentially)
  • in romantic artwork, scenes of nature were common because nature was overtaken by industrialization
  • allowed people to express individualism (traits unique to each artist, writer, and musician) through their work (driven by the want to break class systems)
• neo-gothic:
  • artists were fascinated by history --> romanticism revived and renewed the gothic style that was popular before the Renaissance
  • gothic architecture:
    • intricate features
    • spires
    • decorative
    • gargoyles
    • dark undertones
  • gothic literature:
    • emotional
    • dark
    • horror-type