RIZAL’S EDUCATION IN MANILA

The Ateneo Years – (1872-1877)

• June 1872 – Rizal was sent to Manila to study at the Ateneo Municipal.

  • Four months after the execution of GOMBURZA at Bagumbayan

  • Rizal was 11 years old

• Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1620) – Where Rizal took and passed the entrance examination in Christian doctrine, Arithmetic and Reading.

  • Don Francisco – originally wanted his son to study in this institution.

  • Dominicans

• Ateneo Municipal (1859) – Formerly known as Escuela Pia or Charity School of Manila.

  • Jesuits

  • Fr. Magin Fernando – school registrar who believed that Rizal was late for registration and he appeared frail and sickly.

  • Manuel Xeres Burgos – the nephew of Father Jose Burgos who intervened in order to accept Rizal as a student in Ateneo.

  • Jose Rizal Mercado – named used by Rizal in his application in Ateneo.

    • Rizal - Ri-cial

      • green fields

      • to avoid any association with father burgos

• Titay – Rizal’s first landlady in Ateneo

  • Caraballo St. (Carballo in Binondo)

  • Jose stayed with her as payment of her debt (P300) to Don Francisco.

• Doña Pepay – owner of the house where Rizal stayed when he was in his second and third year in Ateneo.

  • 6 Magallanes St. Walled City

  • no curfew

• June 16, 1875 – he was about to be 14 he would become a full intern at Ateneo (3^rd year) for his last two years.

  • Allowance: 8 pesos

  • Felix Roxas – a freshman who became his dormitory mate.

• Jesuit System of Education

  • Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam – For the greater Glory of God

  • Emphasized on rigid discipline, character building, and religious instruction.

  • all classes ended and began with prayers

  • Encouraged competition among students.

  • Romans – those students living inside the Ateneo

    • Called internos

    • Symbol used was a red flag

  • Carthaginians – those students living outside the Ateneo

    • Called externos

    • Symbol used was a blue flag

  • Students were divided into

    • standard bearer

    • decurion

    • centurion

    • tribune

    • emperor

• Fr. Jose Bech – Rizal’s first professor in Ateneo

• Rizal’s favorite books

  • Universal History – Cesar Cantu

    • bought by Don Fransisco because he was convinced it was required in class

  • Count of Monte Cristo – Alexander Dumas

  • Travels of the Philippines – Feodor Jagor

• Santa Isabel College – where Rizal took private lessons in Spanish during his break time.

• Fr. Francisco Paula de Sanchez – Rizal’s favorite teacher whom he met during his fourth year.

• Poems of Rizal in Ateneo

  • Mi Primera Inspiraccion (My First Inspiration)

    • First poem written in Ateneo

    • Dedicated to his mother

  • Felicitacion – Felicitation

    • Gift to one of his sisters’ wedding

  • Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town)

    • In honor of his birthplace, Calamba

  • Themes of Rizal’s Poems

    • Pro-Spanish

    • Religious

    • History

    • Education

      • Guided by Father Fransiscio Paula de Sanchez

• Rizal as Painter and Sculptor

  • Agustin Saez – famous painter

  • Romualdo Teodoro de Jesus – noted Filipino sculptor

• March 23, 1877

  • Bachelor of Arts with honors

    • equivalent of high school diploma

• Rizal’s carvings

  • Image of the Blessed Virgin Mary

  • Image of the Sacred Heart – requested by Fr. Lleonart, one of his teachers.

• Fr. Jose Villaclara – Rizal’s professor who once told him not to pay attention to the arts and sciences and balance his attention to other fields such as science and philosophy.

Jose Rizal in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)

Doña Teodora – wanted her son to return to Calamba and look after the family business upon Rizal’s graduation from Ateneo.

• worried because of what happened to intellectuals in 1872

• feared Rizal’s head would get cut off

University of Santo Tomas – April 1887 Rizal was 16 when he enrolled taking Philosophy and Letters.

• Fr. Pablo Ramon – Vice Rector of Ateneo; whom he asked for advice to what to take up in College.

  • Medicine – suggested by the friar

    • Shifted because Rizal wanted to cure his mother’s failing eyesight

• In UST, classes are held only for three hours.

• this was the same practice in Europe

Land Surveying Course – 1877-1878 – a vocational course which Rizal took in Ateneo.

• He was awarded the title peritoagrimensor or expert surveyor

• Passed the final examination at age 17

• only granted the title on November 25, 1881

Fr. Joaquin Fonseca, OP – Rector of the University during Rizal’s stay; was the one responsible for erecting the Benavides Monument.

Doña Concha Leyva – Rizal’s first landlady in UST

• Rizal stayed in her house during his first year

• Her house is beside the house of Leonor Valenzuela

Antonio Rivera – Rizal’s uncle, his land lord for his remaining years in UST

• Casa Tomasina – 7 Postigo St. Walled City

• from sophomore to fourth year

• where most UST students stay

Biographers

• chorused that his low grades were the result of

  • racial discrimination and bigotry

  • the hostility of Dominican professors

  • Rizal was not given full education in the Dominican institution

Class in Physics – Chapter 13 El Filibusterismo

• Jose Franco – Rizal’s lay teacher in Physics who threatened to fail the entire class.

• Placido Penitente and Father Million, how Spanish professors treated Filipino students who had the potential to excel in class

• to illustrate the arrogance of Dominican professors and the use of obsolete and repressive methods of teaching

UST Favored Rizal instead of Discriminating him

• granted the privilege of simultaneously studying the preparatory course of medicine and the first year of medicine proper

• needed approval from the governor general

• Class in physics

  • students could use scientific apparatuses

Racial Discrimination in Class

• First Year Medicine – there were 24 students

  • 17 dropped out due to academic failures

  • 7 students managed to take the final examination,

    • Rizal was second to Cornelio Mapa

Distractions of Rizal

• Ateneo

  • President of the Academy of Spanish Literature

  • Secretary in the Marian Congregation

1. El Compañerismo – The Comradeship – Inspired by Alexander Dumas’ Three Musketeers.

   1. A group formed by students for mutual support and companionship

   2. Rizal – president

   3. Galicano Apacible – Secretary

   4. Members called themselves Compañeros de Jehu (Companions of Jehu) – inspired by another Dumas’ novel Les Compagnons of Jehu.

   5. Frank Laubach

      1. the members of El Companerismo figured in clashes with Spanish students

2. Rizal’s Girlfriends

• In class

  • Mestizong Bangus - Spaniards

  • Chongo/Indio- Filipinos

• Clashes took place in Intramuros, Escolta and Binondo

  • fencing and wrestling matches

• Liberalism and Filipino Students in UST

Liceon Artistico Literario de Manila – An organization of art lovers in the city, which conducted regular competition in literary writing.

• Rizal joined the contest in 1879 and 1880

• A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth)

  • Written when he was 18.

  • Won first prize and was awarded a silver quill for his prowess in poetry.

  • Done without the help of Fr. Sanchez

• El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of the Gods)

  • A play was written in praise of Spain’s national poet Miguel de Cervantes in which Rizal proved that he was co-equal with Homer and Virgil.

  • Rizal won first prize but there was a protest because he is an indio

  • D.N. del Puzo – A Spaniard who won second prize.

  • Both entries were judged as the best entry in the said competition.

• Junto Al Pasig – written in 1880; a one-act play, which was requested by the Jesuit fathers.

  • Staged in Ateneo on the occasion of the feast day of Immaculate Concepcion.

  • A subtle satire that showed his nationalistic ideas.

• A Filipinas – a sonnet in which he urged Filipino artists to glorify the country through their works.

Rizal’s First Taste of Spanish Brutality

• Rizal had his first taste of Spanish brutality during his first summer vacation in Calamba after his freshman year at UST.

• He failed to greet the lieutenant of the Guardia Civil because of the darkness of the night. The latter whip out his sword and slashed it at Rizal’s back.

• Gov. Gen. Fernando Primo de Rivera – whom Rizal appealed regarding the incident.

• Knew about the Decision of Rizal to leave

  • Pacianoo

  • Saturnina

  • Antonio Rivera

• Didn’t Know

  • Don Fransisco

  • Dona Teodora

  • Leonor Rivera

• Pedro Paterno

  • Paciano secured an endorsement to introduce his brothers to known Filipinos in Spain

• Jesuit Fathers

  • visited by Rizal

  • gave him letters of recommendation and introduction

• May 3, 1882

  • Rizal left on board

  • Salvadora

  • first leg of his trip to spain

UST HISTORY

Oldest Universities in the World

1. University of Bologna – Italy 1088

2. University of Paris – France – 1090

3. University of Oxford – United Kingdom – 1096

4. University of Salamanca – Spain – 1134

5. Royal and Pontifical University of the Kings of Lima – Peru 1515

   1. Now University of San Marcos

6. Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico – 1551

   1. Closed in 1867

   2. Reopened as University of Mexico in 1910.

7. Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santissimo Rosario – 1611

   1. 1617 – Colegio de Santo Tomas

   2. 1619 – Inauguration of the school – Assumption of the Virgin Mary

   3. 1645 – University of Santo Tomas – Pope Innocent X

   4. 1681 – Public University of General Studies – allowing UST to confer other degrees – Pope Innocent XI

   5. 1734 - Pope Clement XII authorized the University to confer degrees in all existing faculties as well as in all others that might be introduced in the future.

   6. Royal University – King Charles III (1785)

   7. 1885 - a royal order from Queen Isabella II gave the University the power to direct and supervise all the schools in the Philippines and the Rector of the University became the ex-officio head of the secondary and higher education in the Philippines.

   8. Pontifical University – Pope Leo XIII (1902)

      1. Second to Gregorian University in Rome to be granted the title

   9. Catholic University of the Philippines – Pope Pius XII (1947)

   10. 139 Postigo, Walled City

   11. First Floor Rooms:

       1. Secretary’s Office

       2. UST Press

       3. Law and Medicine

   12. Second Floor Rooms:

       1. Room of the Dominican Fathers

       2. Room of the Seminarians

       3. Museum

   13. 1907 – UST started to affiliate with San Juan de Dios Hospital for its medical program as part of King Alfonso of Spain’s decree.

Fr. Miguel de Benavides – (1560-1605)

• Founder of UST

• Appointed and Ordained Bishop of Nueva Segovia (Cagayan)

• Archbishop of Manila

• Donated P1,500.00 and his personal library for the establishment of a “seminary-college”

• Purchased two adjacent lots P7,240.00 in Intramuros for the foundation of the College

Pope John Paul II – visited the University twice.

1. February 18, 1981 – visited UST Campus and declared the Blessedness of the 16 Thomasian Martyrs

2. January 13, 1995 - International World Youth Day

• Fr. Jose Noval, OP - Rector Magnificus of the University from 1910-1914.

  • It was during his rectorate that the property for the Sulucan was purchased.

    • His term spans the 300^th founding anniversary of UST in 1911

    • Father of UST Sampaloc Campus

Fr. Roque Ruaño, OP– originally planned to build 10 structures in the Sampaloc campus.

1. 1925 – start of the construction of the Main Building

2. 1927 – inauguration of the Main Building

Fr. Leonardo Legaspi – first Filipino Rector of UST; became Archbishop of Nueva Caceres (Naga)

National Cultural Treasures by the National Museum – January 25, 2010

• First educational institution ever declared in the Philippines

• Main Building

• Arch of the Centuries

• Central Seminary

• Open Spaces