Bull Moose Party

• Also known as the Progressive Party, it was formed by former President Theodore Roosevelt in 1912

• The party was formed due to differences between Roosevelt and William Howard Taft, who was Roosevelt's hand-picked successor

• The party was built on a platform advocating for social and political reform, including stronger labor protections, women's suffrage, and regulation of monopolies

• Despite gaining significant momentum initially, Roosevelt ultimately lost the 1912 Presidential Election to Woodrow Wilson

Abraham Lincoln

• Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States, serving from 1861 until his assassination in 1865

• He is primarily remembered for his role in leading the country through the Civil War, and for his role in ending slavery through the Emancipation Proclamation

• His Gettysburg Address is one of the most famous speeches in American history, and his leadership during the Civil War made him one of the most revered American Presidents of all time

Woodrow Wilson

• Wilson was the 28th President of the United States, serving from 1913 to 1921

• He was a progressive President who helped pass important reforms such as the 19th Amendment, which gave women the right to vote

• He is also remembered for his foreign policy initiatives, including his failed efforts to establish the League of Nations and his role in leading the country through World War I

• However, Wilson's legacy is also marred by his support for racial segregation and his decision to support American intervention in World War I, which led to the deaths of thousands of American soldiers

Lyndon Johnson

• Johnson was the 36th President of the United States, serving from 1963 to 1969

• He is known for signing a number of landmark laws including the Civil Rights Act, the Voting Rights Act, and the Economic Opportunity Act, which sought to eliminate poverty in the United States

• However, he is also remembered for his role in escalating the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War, which remains one of the most divisive issues in American history

The Gilded Age

• The Gilded Age refers to a period in American history that lasted from the 1870s to the 1890s

• It was characterized by industrial expansion, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption

• The era saw the rise of prominent businessmen such as John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie, as well as political machines such as Tammany Hall in New York City and the Tweed Ring in New York State

• The era was also marked by significant social upheaval, including the rise of the labor movement, the struggles of prohibitionists and suffragettes, and the emergence of a new middle class

13th-19th Amendments

• The 13th Amendment to the US Constitution, ratified in 1865, abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States

• The 14th Amendment, ratified in 1868, granted citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the US, including former slaves

• The 15th Amendment, ratified in 1870, granted African American men the right to vote

• The 16th Amendment, ratified in 1913, gave Congress the power to levy an income tax

• The 17th Amendment, ratified in 1913, allowed for the direct election of senators by the people

• The 18th Amendment, ratified in 1919, prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquors in the US

• The 19th Amendment, ratified in 1920, granted women the right to vote in the US

The New Deal

• The New Deal was a series of programs and policies implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) during the Great Depression to stimulate the economy and provide relief for the American people

• The New Deal included programs such as Social Security, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and the Works Progress Administration

• The New Deal also laid the groundwork for many of the social welfare and economic policies that continue to shape American life to this day

Mugwumps

• Mugwumps were members of a small group of urban, northeastern Republican political reformers who voted for Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the presidential election of 1884

• The term "mugwump" is meant to be a derogatory term, and refers to someone who is aloof or excessively concerned with their own interests

• However, many Mugwumps were also progressive reformers who felt that the Republican Party had lost its way

League of Nations

• The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organization founded in 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended World War I

• It was created to promote international cooperation and prevent future wars, but was ultimately ineffective in its mission, due in part to the United States never joining

• The League of Nations' efforts to stop aggression in Europe in the 1930s ultimately failed, leading to the outbreak of World War II

Ku Klux Klan

• The Ku Klux Klan is a white supremacist hate group that was founded following the Civil War and has had various incarnations throughout American history, promoting racism, anti-Semitism, and bigotry

• The group is known for its use of violent tactics, including lynchings and bombings, to intimidate and terrorize minorities

• The Klan's influence in American society waned during the 20th century, but it has experienced a resurgence in recent years

The Political Party Systems (2-5)

• The Political Party Systems refer to a series of eras or periods in American political history during which political parties underwent significant transformations and shifts in position or party platforms

• The Second Party System (1828-1854) was characterized by the emergence of the Democratic Party and the Whig Party, and was marked by debates over slavery, territorial expansion, and economic policies

• The Third Party System (1854-1896) saw the decline of the Whig Party and the emergence of the Republican Party, as well as major debates over slavery, industrialization, and immigration

• The Fourth Party System (1896-1932) was marked by the rise of the Progressive movement, as well as debates over labor rights, government regulation, and anti-trust laws

• The Fifth Party System (1932-1960) saw the emergence of the New Deal coalition, which brought together a diverse range of interests in support of FDR's social welfare programs and the Democratic Party's progressive platform

Progressivism

• Progressivism was a political and social movement in the early 1900s that aimed to address the problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, and political corruption through reforms such as regulation of big business, social welfare programs, and advocacy for women's rights

• The movement was built on the idea that government could and should be employed to address social issues and protect the well-being of citizens

• Progressivism had a significant impact on American society, and many of the policies and reforms it advocated for, such as women's suffrage and increased workers' rights, continue to be foundational in modern American society

The Dred Scott Case

• The Dred Scott Case was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court in 1857 that ruled slaves and their descendants were not considered citizens of the United States and therefore could not sue in federal court

• The decision helped fuel the rising tensions between pro- and anti-slavery forces in the United States, ultimately leading to the Civil War

• The Dred Scott Case is remembered as one of the most controversial decisions in the Supreme Court's history, and served as a stark reminder of the nation's struggles with race and slavery

William Jennings Bryan

• William Jennings Bryan was a politician and orator who ran for U.S. President three times as the Democratic nominee

• He is known for his advocacy for the "free silver" movement, which sought to increase the money supply and destabilize the gold standard, as well as for his support of women's suffrage and prohibition

• However, Bryan was also a controversial figure who was criticized for his ties to white supremacist groups, his opposition to the theory of evolution, and his anti-intellectualism

Both Roosevelts

• Refers to Presidents Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt

• Both were distant cousins and progressives in their policies and beliefs

• Theodore Roosevelt was known for his conservationism, his support for the Pure Food and Drug Act, and his "Big Stick" policy when it came to foreign affairs

• Franklin D. Roosevelt was known for his New Deal policies, which sought to alleviate the suffering of those affected by the Great Depression, as well as his leadership during World War II

Popular Sovereignty

• Popular sovereignty is the principle that the authority of the government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, as expressed through their elected representatives

• Popular sovereignty was a critical issue leading up to the Civil War, with many southern states arguing that they had the right to secede from the United States based on the principle of popular sovereignty

• Today, popular sovereignty remains a key principle of democratic governance in the United States and around the world

Compromise of 1877

• The Compromise of 1877 was an informal and unwritten deal that resolved the disputed presidential election of 1876

• Democrat Samuel Tilden won the popular vote, but Republican Rutherford B. Hayes ultimately became president through a political deal that involved the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and the appointment of a Southern Democrat to Hayes' cabinet

• The Compromise of 1877 marked the end of Reconstruction and the beginning of a new era of segregation and white supremacist policies in the American South

Eugene Debs

• Eugene Debs was a labor organizer and socialist leader who ran for president five times on the Socialist ticket

• He was a strong advocate for workers' rights, and was particularly vocal in his opposition to American involvement in World War I

• Debs' political views, which aimed to promote democratic socialism and steer the country away from capitalism, were considered radical for their time

Keynesian Economics

• Keynesian Economics is a macroeconomic theory that advocates for government intervention to stimulate aggregate demand during times of economic downturns

• The theory was developed by economist John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s in response to the Great Depression

• Keynesian Economics remains a critical component of modern economic thinking, and has been used by governments around the world to stimulate economic growth and protect the welfare of their citizens during times of economic hardship