Digestive System

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy: Digestive System Exam

Accessory Organs (20 items)

1. Which animals are listed as having a zygomatic gland as a major salivary gland? a. Horse b. Ox c. Pig d. Dog and Cat Answer: d. Dog and Cat

2. The parotid duct in cattle opens across which upper cheek tooth? a. 2nd b. 3rd c. 4th d. Last cheek teeth Answer: d. Last cheek teeth

3. The parotid duct in the horse opens across which upper cheek tooth? a. 3rd b. 4th c. 5th d. Last cheek teeth Answer: a. 3rd

4. Approximately how much saliva can cattle produce per day? a. 15 L b. 40 L c. 110-180 L d. 350-500 gm Answer: c. 110-180 L

5. Which domestic animal listed lacks a monostomatic sublingual gland? a. Ruminants b. Dog c. Pig d. Horse Answer: d. Horse

6. In cattle, the parotid duct is formed at the ventral part of the deep face. Where does it open? a. Opposite the third upper cheek tooth b. Opposite the second upper molar tooth c. Opposite the canine tooth d. On small papillae on the sublingual fold Answer: b. Opposite the second upper molar tooth

7. The major (single) sublingual duct in ruminants, dog, and pig opens where? a. On small papillae on the sublingual fold b. Into the lateral sublingual recess c. Joins the mandibular duct d. On the sublingual caruncle inside the oral cavity Answer: d. On the sublingual caruncle inside the oral cavity

8. Which accessory organ is located on the right side of the abdomen in the ox? a. Stomach b. Spleen c. Cecum d. Liver Answer: d. Liver

9. The liver of which domestic animal is described as having undivided right and left lobes? a. Dog b. Pig c. Horse and Ox d. Goat and Sheep Answer: c. Horse and Ox

10. Which domestic animal listed does not have a gall bladder? a. Ox b. Pig c. Dog d. Horse Answer: d. Horse

11. The liver of the pig is described as having how many lobes and processes? a. 4 lobes and two processes b. 4 lobes and one process c. 6 lobes and one process d. 6 lobes and two processes Answer: c. 6 lobes and one process

12. In the ox liver, what processes are included in the caudate lobe? a. Caudate and Papillary processes b. Only the Papillary process c. Only the Caudate process d. Neither process Answer: c. Only the Caudate process

13. Where does the bile duct enter the duodenum in the ox? a. In a pouch called the diverticulum duodeni b. Joined by the ventral pancreatic duct to form a common bile duct c. About 5 inches beyond the pancreatic duct opening d. Enters the second bend of the sigmoid flexure of the duodenum Answer: d. Enters the second bend of the sigmoid flexure of the duodenum

14. In the horse, the hepatic and ventral pancreatic ducts enter the duodenum in a pouch called what? a. Sigmoid flexure b. Pylorus c. Omaso-abomasal orifice d. Diverticulum duodeni Answer: d. Diverticulum duodeni

15. The pancreas of a goat and sheep is described as what shape? a. V-Shaped b. Tri-radiate or Triangular c. Irregularly quadrilateral d. Irregularly triangular Answer: d. Irregularly triangular

16. How many pancreatic ducts are present in the dog? a. One b. Two c. Three d. None Answer: b. Two

17. In cattle, how many pancreatic ducts are present? a. Only the ventral duct b. Only a dorsal duct c. Two ducts d. Neither duct is present Answer: b. Only a dorsal duct

18. In the dog, one of the pancreatic ducts opens into the duodenum alongside or close to which other duct? a. Dorsal pancreatic duct b. Accessory pancreatic duct c. Chief pancreatic duct d. Common bile duct Answer: d. Common bile duct

19. The pancreas of the pig is described as having what shape? a. V-Shaped b. Irregularly triangular c. Irregularly quadrilateral d. Tri-radiate or Triangular Answer: d. Tri-radiate or Triangular

20. In the horse, the chief pancreatic duct enters the duodenum beside the bile duct. Where does the accessory pancreatic duct enter? a. Beside the bile duct as well b. About 30 cm caudal to the common bile duct c. About 10-12 cm from the pylorus d. On the opposite side to the other duct Answer: d. On the opposite side to the other duct

Rest of Digestive Tract (80 items)

21. Which animals have no incisors in the upper jaw, with their function taken over by a dental pad? a. Horse b. Pig c. Dog d. Ox and sheep Answer: d. Ox and sheep

22. What term refers to the first premolar in the horse, which is often absent or rudimentary? a. Carnassial tooth b. Tusk c. Needle tooth d. Wolf tooth Answer: d. Wolf tooth

23. In wild pigs, tusks are modifications of which type of tooth? a. Incisors b. Premolars c. Molars d. Canine teeth Answer: d. Canine teeth

24. Which type of dentition is characterized by all teeth being similar, as seen in crocodiles? a. Heterodont b. Bunodont c. Lophodont d. Homodont Answer: d. Homodont

25. Which type of dentition is characterized by the enamel of the tooth being restricted to the crown ("short-crowned" teeth), as in dogs? a. Hypsodont b. Bunodont c. Lophodont d. Brachydont Answer: d. Brachydont

26. What is the permanent dental formula for a horse? a. 2(3/3 1/1 4/4 2/3) = 42 b. 2(0/4 0/0 3/3 3/3) = 32 c. 2(3/3 1/1 4/4 3/3) = 44 d. 2(3/3 (0/0) 1/1 3 or 4 3/3) = 40-44 Answer: d. 2(3/3 (0/0) 1/1 3 or 4 3/3) = 40-44

27. What is the temporary dental formula for an ox? a. 2(3/3 0/0 3/3 0/0) = 24 b. 2(0/4 0/0 3/3 0/0) = 20 c. 2(3/3 1/1 4/4 0/0) = 32 d. 2(3/3 1/1 3/2 0/0) = 26 Answer: b. 2(0/4 0/0 3/3 0/0) = 20

28. What is the permanent dental formula for a cat? a. 2(3/3 1/1 4/4 2/3) = 42 b. 2(3/3 1/1 4/4 3/3) = 44 c. 2(3/3 1/1 3/2 1/1) = 30 d. 2(2/2 1/1 3/3 2/2) = 32 Answer: c. 2(3/3 1/1 3/2 1/1) = 30

29. Which domestic animal mentioned in the sources has no teeth? a. Cat b. Pig c. Dog d. Fowl (Birds) Answer: d. Fowl (Birds)

30. The tongue of a horse is shaped like a spatula and has how many distinct vallate papillae on the posterior part of the dorsum flanking the midline? a. One b. Two c. Three d. Eight to seventeen Answer: b. Two

31. In the ox, what is the prominent bulge on the posterior half of the dorsum of the tongue called? a. Lingual apex b. Lingual fossa c. Torus linguae d. Lyssa Answer: c. Torus linguae

32. Which papillae give the ox tongue a rough, prehensile surface? a. Vallate papillae b. Foliate papillae c. Lenticular papillae d. Filiform and conical papillae Answer: d. Filiform and conical papillae

33. Which domestic animal's tongue features a cord of fibrous tissue called the lyssa in the interior part of the tip? a. Horse b. Ox c. Pig d. Dog Answer: d. Dog

34. Which animal lacks a soft palate? a. Pig b. Dog c. Horse d. Chicken Answer: d. Chicken

35. In ruminants, the cranial portion of the hard palate forms what structure? a. Median raphe b. Incisive papilla c. Palatine rugae d. Dental pad Answer: d. Dental pad

36. In cattle, the rugae of the hard palate extend only two-thirds of the length and all but the last few are described as being what? a. Smooth b. Absent c. Serrated d. Not well-marked Answer: c. Serrated

37. Which animal is described as having a long soft palate, precluding oral breathing and vomiting? a. Pig b. Dog c. Ox/Sheep d. Horse Answer: d. Horse

38. The esophagus of a horse is described as voluntary as far as what point? a. The cardia b. The pylorus c. The diaphragm d. The base of the heart Answer: d. The base of the heart

39. The esophagus of which animals is described as easily dilatable and voluntary throughout? a. Horse b. Pig c. Dog d. Ox/Sheep (Ruminant) Answer: d. Ox/Sheep (Ruminant)

40. In the dog, the esophagus is constricted ventrally at the origin by a thick layer of mucous glands, known as what? a. Cardia b. Pylorus c. Isthmus esophagi d. Pharyngeal opening Answer: c. Isthmus esophagi

41. Which animal has a relatively small stomach with an enlarged fundus referred to as the saccus caecus? a. Pig b. Dog c. Horse d. Cat Answer: c. Horse

42. In the horse stomach, what irregular ridge separates the non-glandular mucous membrane from the glandular part? a. Torus pyloricus b. Diverticulum ventriculi c. Saccus caecus d. Margoplicatus Answer: d. Margoplicatus

43. The pig stomach has a dorso-medial blind pouch off the left extremity, termed what? a. Torus pyloricus b. Diverticulum ventriculi c. Saccus caecus d. Margo plicatus Answer: b. Diverticulum ventriculi

44. Which domestic animals are classified as having a simple, glandular stomach? a. Horse and Pig b. Ruminants c. Pig and Horse d. Dog and Cat Answer: d. Dog and Cat

45. What are the four parts of the ruminant stomach? a. Fundus, Body, Pylorus, Antrum b. Saccus caecus, Diverticulum, Omasum, Abomasum c. Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum d. Proventriculus, Ventriculus, Omasum, Abomasum Answer: c. Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum

46. In adult ruminants, which compartment of the stomach is the largest? a. Reticulum b. Omasum c. Abomasum d. Rumen Answer: d. Rumen

47. What is the smallest and most cranial compartment in large ruminants? a. Rumen b. Omasum c. Abomasum d. Reticulum Answer: d. Reticulum

48. Which part of the ruminant stomach is also known as the true stomach and has glandular mucosa? a. Rumen b. Reticulum c. Omasum d. Abomasum Answer: d. Abomasum

49. In ruminants, what structure serves as a shortcut for liquid substances from the esophagus to the omasum, especially important in suckling animals? a. Rumenoreticular groove b. Cranial groove c. Caudal groove d. Reticular groove (gastric groove) Answer: d. Reticular groove (gastric groove)

50. What percentage of the total stomach capacity does the rumen constitute in both ox and sheep? a. 5% b. 7-8% c. 60% d. 80% Answer: d. 80%

51. In ruminants, the reticulum is also popularly termed what due to the appearance of its mucous membrane folds? a. Manyplies b. Butcher's Bible c. Book d. Honeycomb Answer: d. Honeycomb

52. What term is sometimes used for the omasum because of the page-like appearance of its muscular laminae? a. Paunch b. Honeycomb c. Manyplies, butcher’s bible or book d. Rennet Answer: c. Manyplies, butcher’s bible or book

53. In young ruminants, which stomach compartment is the largest at birth? a. Rumen b. Reticulum c. Omasum d. Abomasum Answer: d. Abomasum

54. The small intestine of the ox is approximately how many feet in length? a. 70 ft. b. 50-65 ft. c. 13 ft. d. 130 ft. Answer: d. 130 ft.

55. In the horse small intestine, which part constitutes 90% of the total length? a. Duodenum b. Ileum c. Jejunum d. Cecum Answer: c. Jejunum

56. In the horse duodenum, the ventral pancreatic and hepatic ducts open into a pouch called what? a. Omaso-abomasal orifice b. Pylorus c. Diverticulum duodeni d. Sigmoid flexure Answer: c. Diverticulum duodeni

57. Where are the intestines located largely in ruminants (Ox)? a. Left dorsal portion of the abdominal cavity b. Ventral and lateral parts of the abdomen c. Left side of the abdominal cavity d. Right abdominal region Answer: d. Right abdominal region

58. The small intestine in sheep is approximately how long? a. 70 ft. b. 130 ft. c. 50-65 ft. d. 80 ft. Answer: d. 80 ft.

59. In the sheep, the bile duct is joined by which pancreatic ducta.

    a. Dorsal pancreatic duct b. Accessory pancreatic duct c. Ventral pancreatic duct d. Neither duct joins the bile duct Answer: c. Ventral pancreatic duct

60. In the pig, the bile and pancreatic ducts open separately into the duodenum. Where does the single pancreatic duct open relative to the bile duct opening? a. 2 inches from the pylorus b. 6 inches from the pylorus c. 5 inches beyond the bile duct opening d. 1 foot further back Answer: c. 5 inches beyond the bile duct opening

61. In the dog, the bile duct and ventral pancreatic duct open approximately how far beyond the pylorus? a. 5 inches b. 1 foot c. 2 inches d. 2.5-5 cm Answer: c. 2 inches

62. In carnivores (dog/cat), the mass of jejunal loops lies where in the abdomen? a. Dorsally and to the right b. In the sublumbar region c. Mostly in the left dorsal quadrant d. Ventrally and laterally Answer: d. Ventrally and laterally

63. Which animal has a cecum located on the left side of the abdominal cavity? a. Horse b. Ox c. Dog d. Pig Answer: d. Pig

64. The cecum of which animal is described as extremely large (capacity of 30 L and 1m long) and forms a major site for bacterial fermentation? a. Ox b. Pig c. Dog d. Horse Answer: d. Horse

65. How many longitudinal muscle bands (taeniae) divide the cecum in the pig? a. Two b. Three c. Four d. None Answer: b. Three

66. In ruminants, the cecum is described as non-sacculated, meaning it lacks what features? a. Taeniae b. Haustra c. Papillae d. Taeniae and Haustra Answer: d. Taeniae and Haustra

67. Which animal has a large and small colon as distinct parts of its large intestine? a. Ox/sheep b. Pig c. Dog d. Horse Answer: d. Horse

68. In the horse large colon, the right ventral colon has how many longitudinal bands (taeniae)? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 Answer: c. 4

69. What is the widest part of the colon in the horse, also known as the ampulla coli? a. Right ventral colon b. Left ventral colon c. Left dorsal colon d. Right dorsal colon Answer: d. Right dorsal colon

70. In the pig, the colon is arranged in 3 close, double spiral coils. What is the term for the outer loops of this spiral colon which have two longitudinal taeniae? a. Centrifugal turns b. Spiral loop c. Ansadistalis d. Centripetal turns Answer: d. Centripetal turns

71. The ascending colon in ruminants is coiled into what shape? a. Cylindrical b. U-shaped loop c. Flat, disc-shaped mass d. S-shaped curve Answer: c. Flat, disc-shaped mass

72. What is the capacity of the cecum in the horse? a. 1.0 L b. 9.9 L c. 33.5 L d. 1.5 L Answer: c. 33.5 L

73. What is the total capacity of the digestive tract in cattle? a. 211.6 L b. 356.4 L c. 44.2 L d. 6.9 L Answer: b. 356.4 L

74. Which animal has a rectum terminating in a flask-shaped dilatation called the ampulla recti? a. Ruminant b. Horse c. Birds d. Dog Answer: b. Horse

75. In carnivores, the mucosa of the anal canal is divided into how many consecutive anular zones? a. One b. Two c. Three d. Four Answer: c. Three

76. In birds, the cloaca receives the end-products of digestion, urine, and products of the reproductive tract. It is divided into three segments by two mucosal folds. Which segment is the dilated region that temporarily holds feces? a. Proctodeum b. Urodeum c. Coprodeum d. Anus Answer: c. Coprodeum

77. In birds, which segment of the cloaca receives the openings of the ureters and genital ducts? a. Coprodeum b. Urodeum c. Proctodeum d. Vent Answer: b. Urodeum

78. In birds, which segment of the cloaca contains the bursa of Fabricius? a. Coprodeum b. Urodeum c. Proctodeum d. Anus Answer: c. Proctodeum

79. What is the glandular stomach of birds called? a. Gizzard b. Ventriculus c. Proventriculus d. Margo plicatus Answer: c. Proventriculus

80. What is the mechanical stomach of birds called? a. Proventriculus b. Gizzard (Ventriculus) c. Crop d. Cecum Answer: b. Gizzard (Ventriculus)

81. What term refers to the pig's deciduous 3rd incisor teeth and deciduous canines, often nipped off in newborn pigs? a. Wolf tooth b. Carnassial teeth c. Tusks d. Needle teeth Answer: d. Needle teeth

82. The enamel of selenodont teeth is described as having what characteristic, as seen in the cheek teeth of ox? a. Cones are ridges b. Ridges are sharp c. Enamel restricted to crown d. Much of crown embedded in gum Answer: b. Ridges are sharp

83. In the dog, long, backward-pointing conical papillae are found on which part of the tongue? a. Tip b. Dorsum c. Underside d. Root Answer: d. Root

84. What is the total length of the esophagus in ox/sheep? a. 50-60 inches b. Short and nearly straight c. Voluntary throughout d. 3-3.5 feet long Answer: d. 3-3.5 feet long

85. What is the capacity of the stomach in the horse? a. 18.0 L b. 33.5 L c. 8-15 liters d. 95-230 liters Answer: c. 8-15 liters

86. In adult cattle, the abomasum constitutes what percentage of the total stomach capacity? a. 80% b. 5% c. 7-8% d. 60% Answer: c. 7-8%

87. The Abomasum is divided by a constriction into two areas: the fundic gland region and the pyloric region. What is the third small glandular region surrounding the omaso-abomasal orifice? a. Fundus b. Body c. Pylorus d. Cardiac gland region Answer: d. Cardiac gland region

88. In the ox, the duodenum commences with what feature? a. Diverticulum duodeni b. A sigmoid flexure c. A U-shaped curve d. A straight part Answer: b. A sigmoid flexure

89. What are the Peyer's patches in the small intestine described as in ox compared to horses? a. Smaller and less distinct b. Absent c. Larger and more distinct d. Located only in the ileum Answer: c. Larger and more distinct

90. In the pig, the jejunum makes contact with which abdominal wall when the stomach is empty? a. Left b. Right c. Dorsal d. Ventral Answer: a. Left

91. The mesentery of the jejunum in which animal is described as extremely long, permitting great mobility? a. Dog/Cat b. Pig c. Ruminant d. Horse Answer: d. Horse

92. The cecum in the dog is described as small and having what feature? a. 4 longitudinal bands b. Non-sacculated c. A spiral twist d. Located on the left side Answer: c. A spiral twist

93. The cecum of a ruminant is oriented in which direction? a. Cranially b. Caudally c. Dorso-laterally d. Ventro-medially Answer: b. Caudally

94. In the horse large colon, the left ventral colon has how many longitudinal bands? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 Answer: b. 3

95. In the horse large colon, the left dorsal colon has how many longitudinal bands? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. None Answer: b. 3

96. The descending colon in the horse is sacculated and has how many longitudinal bands? a. 3 b. 4 c. 2 d. None Answer: c. 2

97. In the pig, the centripetal turns of the spiral colon are described as being how wide? a. 7-10 cm b. 3 ½ inches c. 4 inches d. 70-100 cm Answer: b. 3 ½ inches

98. The rectum in horses is approximately how long? a. Slightly shorter than cattle b. Proportionately smaller than cattle c. About 1.0 m d. About 12 inches Answer: d. About 12 inches

99. The anal canal mucosa in carnivores is divided into the columnar zone, intermediate zone, and which third zone? a. Pectinate line b. Anal sacs c. Circumanal glands d. Cutaneous zone Answer: d. Cutaneous zone

100. In cattle, the ascending colon is coiled into a flat, disc-shaped mass with three main components: the proximal loop, the spiral loop, and what third component? a. Right ventral colon b. Left ventral colon c. Transverse colon d. Distal loop Answer: d. Distal loop