French Revolution

### French Revolution: Key Notes

#### Founding Ideals

The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was driven by a desire for liberty, equality, and fraternity. These founding ideals were inspired by Enlightenment thinkers like Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu, who advocated for democratic principles, individual rights, and the separation of powers. The Revolution aimed to abolish the feudal system, reduce the power of the monarchy and the Church, and establish a republic based on the principles of popular sovereignty and civic equality.

#### Key Documents

1. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789):

   - Proclaimed by the National Assembly, this document outlined fundamental rights such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and equality before the law. It asserted that all men are born free and equal in rights and that sovereignty resides in the nation.

2. Constitution of 1791:

   - This established a constitutional monarchy, limiting the powers of King Louis XVI and creating a legislative assembly. It was a step towards democracy but retained significant powers for the king.

3. Constitution of 1793 (Year I):

   - Also known as the Jacobin Constitution, this radical document aimed to establish a republic and guaranteed universal male suffrage. It included social and economic rights such as the right to work and education. However, it was never fully implemented due to the ongoing war and internal strife.

#### Maximilien Robespierre

Maximilien Robespierre was a prominent leader during the French Revolution, known for his influential role in the radical phase. A member of the Jacobin Club, he championed the rights of the common people and was a staunch advocate of the Republic. Robespierre's vision for France included:

- Virtue and Terror: He believed that the revolution required both moral integrity and the use of terror to purge enemies of the state and ensure the Republic's survival.

- Committee of Public Safety: As a key member of this committee, Robespierre played a crucial role in directing the Reign of Terror. His influence grew, leading to a dictatorial position until his downfall and execution in 1794.

#### Committee of Public Safety

The Committee of Public Safety was established in April 1793 by the National Convention as an executive body to oversee and expedite the government during the Revolution. It was initially composed of nine members and later expanded. Key functions included:

- War Effort: Managing the military defenses of France against external enemies.

- Revolutionary Tribunals: Overseeing the judicial process for those accused of counter-revolutionary activities.

- Economic Controls: Implementing measures to control prices and supply of essential goods.

Under leaders like Robespierre, the committee exercised near-total control over the government, leading to accusations of dictatorial practices.

#### Reign of Terror

The Reign of Terror (September 1793 – July 1794) was a period of intense political repression and mass executions. It aimed to eliminate perceived enemies of the Revolution and consolidate the new government. Key aspects include:

- Mass Executions: Approximately 16,000 people were officially executed by guillotine, and many more died in prison or through mob violence.

- Law of Suspects: This broad legislation allowed the arrest and trial of anyone suspected of counter-revolutionary activities.

- Centralization of Power: The Committee of Public Safety centralized power to protect the Revolution, but often bypassed legal norms and civil liberties.

The Reign of Terror ended with the fall of Robespierre in July 1794, leading to a more moderate phase of the Revolution and eventually paving the way for the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.

These elements highlight the complexity and turbulence of the French Revolution, which profoundly impacted the political landscape of France and influenced revolutionary movements worldwide.