Psychosocial Development – Erik Erikson

Main Idea:

People go through different social and emotional challenges at each stage of life. Successfully overcoming these challenges helps them grow and move to the next stage.

Stages of Psychosocial Development

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth – 18 months)

• What happens? Babies learn to trust their caregivers if they are consistently cared for and loved. If their needs are not met, they develop mistrust.

• Key Question: Is my world safe and supportive?

• Important Event: Feeding

2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2 – 3 years)

• What happens? Toddlers start to explore independence, like learning to walk or use the toilet. If encouraged, they gain confidence. If criticized or overly controlled, they feel shame and doubt their abilities.

• Key Question: Can I do things by myself, or do I always need help?

• Important Event: Toilet Training

3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3 – 5 years)

• What happens? Young children begin to take initiative, make decisions, and explore. If they are supported, they develop a sense of purpose. If they are discouraged, they may feel guilty for trying.

• Key Question: Am I good or bad?

• Important Event: Exploration and Play

4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6 – 11 years)

• What happens? Children work on school tasks and social skills. Success makes them feel capable, while struggling or feeling inadequate leads to feelings of inferiority.

• Key Question: Am I competent or not good enough?

• Important Event: School

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 – 18 years)

• What happens? Teens explore who they are and what they believe in. A strong sense of identity leads to confidence, while confusion results in insecurity.

• Key Question: Who am I?

• Important Event: Social Relationships

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (19 – 40 years)

• What happens? Young adults build close relationships. Success leads to deep connections, while failure results in loneliness.

• Key Question: Will I share my life with someone or be alone?

• Important Event: Romantic Relationships

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (40 – 65 years)

• What happens? Adults contribute to the world through work, family, or community. If they feel they are making a difference, they experience fulfillment. If not, they may feel stuck or unimportant.

• Key Question: How can I make a lasting impact?

• Important Event: Parenthood and Work

8. Integrity vs. Despair (65+ years – Death)

• What happens? Older adults reflect on their lives. If they feel satisfied, they experience wisdom. If they have regrets, they feel despair.

• Key Question: Did I live a meaningful life?

• Important Event: Reflecting on Life