Introduction and the study of child development Erickson model of development
Erickson
Unknown
model of development
Prenatal development
Erik and Joan Erickson Biopsychosocial model of development
Erikson- psychosocial theory of development was taught by Anna frued, frueds daughter
2nd slide-
Epigenetic principle: things pop up, things unfold in our lives we grasp them interact with them and by then we had a whole life
Nine stages
Called crisis?
Strengths and maladjustments
Stage 1 : basic trust vs basic mistrust (birth to 2 years)
Strength and maladjustment
Hope (something we try to develop in infancy)
Withdrawal
If you get negatively affected in a stage you’ll be negatively affected but it wont stop you from learning the other stages
Stage 2: autonomy vs shame and out (2 to 3 years)
Strength and maladjustment
Control/will
Compulsion
Give them some choice and some control
If we create too many power struggles they’re going who they are
Stage 3: initiative vs guilt (3 to 5)
Strength and maladjustment
Purpose (mastery and responsibility)
Inhibition
Stage 4: industry and inferiority (6 to 12 years)
Strength and maladjustment
Competence/ confidence
Inertia
At the end of this stage were starting to get into our own spaces getting friends and getting into organizations , learning this sucks as gender indemnification, what society expects from us
Stage 5: identify vs identity confusion (12 to 18 years)
Strength and maladjustment
Fidelity ( set of beliefs and values) - ability to develops loyalty to ourselves beliefs and other people, loyal to the things we decide to be loyal to
Repudiation -
Who am I?
Questioning we are, erikisons said we should try on different personas - experimentation, expand the versions of ourselves
Worrying about the social network were involved in during this year because it can be positive but also negative (bullying)
Identity confusion
Experimentation (early on pregnancy)
Stage 6 : intimacy vs Isolation (18 to 45ish)
Strength and maladjustment
Love- love expands in a very different way, sacrificial love for others (ex not meet our needs to give them to our children), love is coming at us and being given
Exclusivity-
What do I wanna do for the next 10 years
Need a sense lot connection but also needing alone time
First time to have major relations
Connections
Stage 7: generatively vs stagnation (45ish to 70)
Strength and maladjustment
Care
Receptivity
Worrying about parents, kids, jobs, having a lot to do
Can be a very exciting time because you’re not as fearful
People close off because they’ve reached a certain age, they get old fast because they’ve isolated themselves
People need care in this age
Stage 8: integrity vs despair (70 to 85 years)
How was childhood, how was adulthood, we can feel hopeless and depressed
Strength and maladjustment
Wisdom
Disdain
Human beings are primmed to be social and to move we develop physical and mental issue if we choose to be anti social/isolate or not move
Stage 9: Transformation (85+) ( they wouldn’t take the 9th stage because Erik erikson passed away)
Strength and maladjustment
Wisdom
Despair
One foot in this life and one foot in the next
Losing interest in things you used to enjoy , kinda retract a little bit and care about what’s happening next instead of
You need to know what people want at this age
You cannot be in two stages at once, you can skip one according to the erikson
Pre-natal to adolescents class focus
9/24- Prenatal development
Pregnancy - 10 lunar months
Must be aware of dangers, such as the mother, baby, and mother and baby
Life starts at conception
Critical and sensitive periods
Traditional definition: period during which structure highly “plastic” or subject to change
We develop very rapidly during a short amount of times
Structure is devloping rapidly
Environmental influence affects development (it depends)
First 12 weeks the muscular is getting set up
Baby development (hand) A)day 44 nub, hand is slowly starting to form (palm) B) day 50 fingers are slowly starting to form C) day 55 the structure is finishing <- stage occurs less than 2 months into pregnancy
Prenatal environmental influences
Teratogens: any disease, drug, or other environmental agent that can harm a developing embryo or fetus
Impact depends on genotype/constitution of organism
No universally harmful
How much it too much alcohol- different for every person, it shouldn’t be consumed once a human is pregnant
Teratogen’s aren’t good for u, but depending on where we are in our pregnancy
Stay away from over the counter medications floridimide (minus HIV and antidepressant medication)
Harm particular structures at particular points in development
First 12 weeks - central nervous systems, the heart, arms, genital, , the pallets is happening around 7-8 weeks
Age is a factor during pregnancy (too young, too old)
Both young and older mothers are likely to have conflicting pregnancies
Body is properly prepared for pregnancies at 18 but not completely ready
Those under 18 have significant premature births (baby comes before expected) and low birth rate babies
We don’t have exact circumstances for pregnancy ( disapproval and approval at a young age)
Prenatal supplement are needed for the baby’s wellbeing
Too old for pregnancy- 30 in 2024 - jeractric
Nutrition is important during pregnancy , guidance towards pregnancy, more proteins, eating better will ease the pregnancy and help the baby
9/26
End of life regrets
Take initiative at younger ages to combat regrets
Trails and tribulation of pregnancy :
Another definition ofTeratogen- any environmental substance that has a negative impact on fetal development
Stressor and threats :
HIV - testing and if they do have it is recommended to take the medication to slow down or stop it. 2%
If the women carrying the baby has HIV and or mood disorders even tho most pregnant women shouldn’t take medications it is recommended in these cases to help improve the mothers life and simultaneously help the baby as well
Fetal alcohol syndrome: Pattern of disabilities due to mothers ingesting alcohol while pregnant
Problems are longterm and permanent
Illegal drugs not good for pregnancy, fetenal, nicotine etc
Childs temperament
Temperament- certain patterns in ones behavior / how they view the world
Temperament is hardwired
The environment changes us, ex- might not want to do a presentation but we can it just won’t feel natural
inborn tendencies
9 behavioral traits of temperament:
Three general types: easy, difficult, slow to warm
Easy- emotional positive, predictable sleeping/ eating habits, very happy child
Difficult (challenging)- hard to take care of adapts slowly to change, unpredictable sleeping habits, sensitive, not very happy
Slow to warm-
Oct 1 -
Parenting styles: they have an affect in development, there not inherit in our nature
Someone who is harsh or critical people don’t nearly have to be harsh parents
Authoritarian style- rigidity, parent says its my way or the highway don’t wanna play by my rules find somewhere else to live, whatever is for dinner you eat it or you starve, they think its in the best interest of the child, they provide basic needs still but do it with an attitude, and author all the decisions, author all the decisions of the family and don’t want input from the child, they instill in kids that their above them (hierarchy),
Children are very perceptive
Parenting styles reflect the relationship parents have with the child
-Parent influences kids and kid influences parents
Negatives of authoritarian parenting style, Low and warmth, high in parent making decisions parents have control
Parents can shift- change in styles, starting off loving and soft to then get more controlling maw ay or the highway
More than one parent- being parented by different individuals with different parenting styles can be conflicting
Authoritative* - preferred parenting style for children, high in warm this parent is kind warmth sensitive obersrving loving but also high in control
Lets the kids to say wbat they wants emotions/wants/needs are communicated parent is the parent but still acknowledges kids wanting to go on vacation
Honest style, kids get treated with respect, children are protected within family and outside the family, teach children negating skills, their voice matters, they can have a conflicting views on things and still be cared about and respected, parent stays in charge of the situation
Depending on temperament style authoritarian would have a positive affect with a child who is difficult, aurthotative would be snensitive to the child
In charge but is welcoming of the child needs - easy, slow to warmth up would be best for this parenting style
Easier to be authoritative with younger children
Given the kids negotiating skills, being received as human being, being cared and respected - set kids up for a easier adulthood
Just let the kids do whatever they want, no consequences, disengaged parent (abuse, neglect)
Low in control down in warmth basically absent parents
Parentified child
Parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved
Oct 3rd-
Outcomes for authoritarian parenting style- If we aren’t giving enough space within adolescents we might reflect that behavior and be strict in relationships before we even have children
Parenting styles affect our daily relationships, how we treat people etc
Authoritarian parent - kids feelings aren’t taken into consideration, kids should be seen not heard
Outcome: affects kids social skills, indecisiveness and trouble thinking on their own, low
Selfesstem, poor judge of character, anger management and resentfulness, hostility and aggression
Sometimes parent change up their style
Due to experiences you can change your self esteem
Permissive parenting style- they have rules but they don’t enforce them ex- bedtime at 11 come home at 2am parent just says I wish you would’ve called
Effects- lack of responsibility, difficulty with decision making (right from wrong and what society says), impulsiveness and aggressiveness, lack of independence and personal responsibility, anxiety and depression, academic struggles
Kids are not trained to get what they want without violence, hands off approach when it comes to children’s thoughts and behaviors
They were taught to do whatever they wanted
Authoritative style- a lot of effort is put into creating and maintaining a positive relationship with you, you explain the rules the rules you place, you set limits, enforce rules, and give consequences but consider the Childs feelings
Positive discipline strategies such as praise and rewards
Effects: close nurturing relationships with parents, tendency to be responsible and respectful, ability to manages their aggressions, high degrees of self esteem and confidence and self regulation, more likely to be happy and successful, ability to clearly express their emotions
Neglectful of uninvolved: not asking about their friends or their lives don’t know much for them you don’t have many rules and expectations
Kids needs rules these rules for this parent can be too much for the age or don’t hav any
They don’t care as long as their not being bothered
Effects: substance abuse, rebelliousness, deliquency( vandalism, assault, rape, petty theft)
Lower cognitive and emotional empathy, diminished self-esteem
They usually get in trouble in school and with the law, get into bad friendships and relationships
10/7- Temperament as behavior style
Alexander Thomas and Stella chess
Aspects of behavior
abilituies=capactities
movitation=techniquies
tempermant= styles
Sensitivity, intensity of reaction, activity level, adaptability, approach/withdrawal, persistence, rhythmicity, quality of mood, distractibility
Inborn traits, then the environment works on us and vice versa
Each trait ranges from high to low
Temperament and attachment issues factor in to who we become and how we react in the future
Difficult temperament and not difficult child
Difficult tempermant
Irregular
Low in approach
Withdrawals from novelty
Slow to adapt
Intense
Display much negative mood
These are traits and characteristics
Easy temperament
Regular
Approaching
Adaptable
Mild
High in intensity
High mood
Rare for a kid to have a difficult temperament 1/10 but for easy temperament 4/10
Goodness of fit- when the environment and their expectations on the child are in sync with the Childs motivations, style and behavior
Poorness of fit- trouble between environment and child , the needs, demands and expectations of both children and the environment do not sync: what’s going on with the child what’s going on with the environment
Poor fit can come from the child
identifies the kid and the environment
fit how someone fits in at home, school , goodness- compatibility
How we fit into our environment, good where we fit in our environment
Poor goodness of fit we don’t fit into our environment
Easy temperament they can fit into most environments unless the garnets or the house doesn’t fit the kid
Ex- mother is depressed, it doesn’t and will not fit any temperaments : poorness of fit
Environment, kid and the mix
Environment works with what the kids needs
Easier to change the environment as much as possible goodness of fit is emmedible to change
Authoritarian parent will give any kid a hard time , hard situations since kids can’t fit into
The fit matters throughout the ages of 0-15
Fit can change
Fit is an important concept throughout life
10/10 -
20 multiple choice 3 short answer
Parenting styles are elective
Attachment styles- distinctive ways of thinking, feeling and behavior in close relationships that results in from ones early attachment experiences
ex- securely attached infant and then trauma hits in childhood that bond can be affected and turn into something insecure and can change our attachment style
Attachment -a bond or loving bond between two people , long enduring emotional tie to a specific person
Necessary event that happened in childhood to help us feel secure and function to our best ability
Dr.John bolwby
Dr. Mary Ainsworth
Bowlbys four stages
We have to attach to someone in the first 6 months of life
We are hardwired to connect
Evolution
Infants seek attachments from birth to ensure protections
Key infant behaviors
Sucking, cuddling
Phases of Social development
First stage- Indiscriminent social responses pg 163
1-2 months baby develops the cry, they help signal adults that they need help
In the first couple of months the kid will go to anybody
Phase 2- discriminating social ability
They know who’s who mom,dad), 2-7 months
This discriminating social ability we have to attached to someone body by this time and stage
Phase 3- attachments
7-24 months, 6 or 7 months
The kids don’t want you to leave they got use to you and like having you around
Putting a child in good daycare if the care is good it doesn’t negatively affect the development
When kids pitch a fit its actually a good thing because they have a secure attachment, a fit of protest is a good thing because it means they are attached
They miss their caregiver, specific love for a specific person
Phase 4- age 3 and above Goal corrected partnerships
Beginning of the 3rd after the third birthday, 36 months and on
Kids take their parents needs into account and let them have a break occasionally
They can now recognize parents have other activities and that they must wait they can wait a couple minutes but not hours
Sometimes they’ll be like ill wait to get something to eat
They can now access the caregiver because they can walk and talk so if there hurt they’ll go to their main caregiver
Attachment is a process
Dr.Mary Ainsworth - worked besides bowlby
Infants developing love for their primary caregiver
Experiement- their main caregiver and and them enter a room with toys and seats then stranger brought in to see how a child would react the child starts to cry and wants their mother to, what reaction does the baby have when the mom returns , Does the child accept the mother when she returns or rejects her
Its happens twice they’re looking what what happens next
They might want to be held to reconnect that attachment (reengagement process)
Secure base- they see the parent as an attachment figure as secure they can stop feeling anxious (preferred attachment style)
Parents are not viewed as secure bases, angrily rejecting comfort
Insecure resisted- rejecting parents
Insecure resilient- they want to be helped but they don’t want it from you they’re sure
Insecure avoidant- kids avoids there parents
If anything is called insecure its the non-proffered style
Important group: unusual small 4th group of infants
Disoriented or disorganized
They appear confuse and apprehensive when they approach their parents
Serious trouble relationship later on in the future