MICRO 13

Q: Check all terms used for microorganisms that colonize humans.
A:

• Resident microbes

• Normal flora

• Human microbiota

Flashcard 2:

Q: Check all areas of the body where resident microbes are found.
A:

• The external part of an organ like the eye and ear

• Areas close to openings like the mouth, vagina, colon, nasal cavity, pharynx, and outer urethra

• Skin and mucous membranes

Flashcard 3:

Q: Check all areas of the body that should remain sterile (no microbes found).
A:

• Blood and cerebral spinal fluid

• Internal organs like the heart, liver, brain, glands, lungs, and kidneys

• Bones and muscles

• The internal part of an organ with delicate inner structures like the eye and ear

Flashcard 4:

Q: A fetus is considered sterile. The normal flora is first established as the baby passes through the birth canal, then continues with exposure to all who handle and feed the baby. This is called the ____________.
A: Initial colonization of the newborn

Flashcard 5:

Q: Which is the true statement regarding the normal flora?
A: The normal flora can change throughout life depending on a person's age or diet, and also if they are taking antibiotics.

Flashcard 6:

Q: A way to adjust the normal flora in the digestive tract is to take a supplement containing beneficial microorganisms called
A: Probiotics

Flashcard 7:

Q: Match these terms for microbes causing disease.
A:

• Pathogen → a microbe causing an infection; also can be called an etiologic agent or causative agent

• Infection → caused by a pathogen entering into the body, resulting in colonization and tissue destruction

• True pathogen → infects individuals regardless of immune system status

• Opportunistic pathogen → pathogen that primarily causes infection with those with a weakened immune system

• Immunocompetent → healthy individuals with a functional immune system

• Immunocompromised → individuals with a weakened immune system, including children, elderly, diabetics, and AIDS patients

Flashcard 8:

Q: Who would be the immunocompromised individuals?
A:

• Babies and young children

• Cancer patients especially those who are undergoing chemotherapy

• AIDS patients

• Elderly

Flashcard 9:

Q: For an infection to occur, a pathogen must enter into the human. The part of the body where the pathogen enters is called the portal of entry. Match these portal of entries with its description.
A:

• Openings → the mouth, nose, ear, eye, or urethra

• Transplacental route → during pregnancy, the pathogens in the mother's blood move through the placenta and infect the baby

• Genital system → pathogens that enter here cause a sexually transmitted disease (STD)

• Parenteral route → bypassing the skin through a break, needle, or bite

Flashcard 10:

Q: What is the TRUE statement regarding portals of entry?
A: Pathogens can only cause infection when they enter through their specific portal or portals

Flashcard 11:

Q: The fetus and neonate can acquire damaging or fatal diseases through the placenta during pregnancy or at the time of birth. Prominent diseases of this type go by the ___________ acronym.
A: STORCH

Flashcard 12:

Q: In order for a disease to be established, the number of pathogens that enter into an individual must be over a certain number. This number is called the ___________.
A: Infectious dose

Flashcard 13:

Q: Pathogens that can cause infection easier (more virulent) have a
A: Lower infectious dose

Flashcard 14:

Q: Any feature of a pathogen that allows it to invade an individual, colonize into tissue, and cause infection is called a ___________ factor.
A: Virulence

Flashcard 15:

Q: The first type of virulence factor are attachment structures. After the pathogen enters the host in large enough numbers to establish an infection, it needs to attach to the host tissue. Match the attachment structure with the microbe it is found on.
A:

• Capsule → bacteria

• Spikes → virus

• Hooks → worms (helminths)

• Suckers → worms (helminths)

• Fimbriae → bacteria

Flashcard 16:

Q: The remaining virulence factors can help the microbe evade the immune system (antiphagocyctic factors) or cause tissue destruction (exoenzymes and toxins). Match these virulence factors with their role in infection.
A:

• Capsule → an antiphagocytic factor by preventing phagocytosis by immune cells

• Leukocidin → an antiphagocytic factor that kills white blood cells

• Coagulase → an exoenzyme that causes the blood to clot

• Collagenase → an exoenzyme that breaks down connective tissue

• Enterotoxin → an exotoxin that causes digestive system issues

• Endotoxin → lipid A found only in the outer membrane of Gram-negative cells and can lead to a deadly aggressive immune system response

Flashcard 17:

Q: For the above course of infection, match the stage with the letter for that area of the curve.
A:

• A → Incubation period

• B → Prodromal stage

• C → Period of invasion

• D → Convalescent period

Flashcard 18:

Q: Match the stage of the course of infection with what is happening in that stage.
A:

• Incubation period → Time from the initial contact with the pathogen up to when the first symptoms appear

• Prodromal stage → First symptoms appear which are general in nature, like fever, headache, and muscle aches

• Period of invasion → The classic signs and symptoms of the disease are at their worst

• Convalescent period → Symptoms start to fade as the patient's immune system overtakes the microbe

Flashcard 19:

Q: Infections can progress in different ways. This is called the pattern of infection. Match these patterns of infection.
A:

• Local infection → Confined to a small body area or specific tissue

• Focal infection → Spread of an infection from one body area to another

• Systemic infection → Pathogen moves from the original body area through the blood or nerves, affecting multiple tissues

• Mixed infection → Several pathogens cause an infection within one tissue or body site

• Primary infection → The initial infection caused by a specific pathogen

• Secondary infection → A different infection caused by a different pathogen after the occurrence of a primary infection

Flashcard 20:

Q: Match more patterns of infection.
A:

• Acute infection → Infection develops quickly and is short-lived

• Chronic infection → The pathogen exists in the body for a long time, replicating at a slow rate, and causing pathology

• Latent infection → Pathogen goes dormant inside the body and does not replicate

• Sequelae → Long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs due to an infection

Flashcard 21:

Q: The study of disease and other health-related factors in human populations is ___________ and can include the transmission, frequency, and distribution of disease and how to control it.
A: Epidemiology

Flashcard 22:

Q: Match these terms on where pathogens are found.
A:

• Reservoir → Any area where a pathogen can survive for a long period of time

• Nonliving reservoir → Areas like soil or water where a pathogen can exist for a long period of time

• Carrier → A human capable of transmitting a pathogen; may or may not show signs of an infection

• Asymptomatic carrier → A human who is infected with a pathogen but shows no signs of an illness; this can be due to multiple reasons: 1. They have just been infected, 2. Are in the recovery stages, or 3. In a chronic condition

• Passive carrier → Human contaminated with a pathogen, transferring it to an individual; does not have the infection

• Vector → An animal that is harboring a pathogen that can be transmitted to a human

Flashcard 23:

Q: Match these disease types with the correct definition.
A:

• Noncommunicable disease → Illness that cannot be spread from one person to another

• Communicable disease → Illness that can be spread from one person to another

• Contagious disease → Illness that spreads between people easily

• Zoonosis → Illness transmitted by an animal; also called a zoonotic disease

Flashcard 24:

Q: Transmission of a pathogen can be done by direct or indirect contact. Check all items that are considered direct contact.
A:

• Respiratory droplets (coughs and sneezes)

• Bite of an animal

• Transplacental, at birth, or through breastfeeding

• Touching

• Kissing or sexual contact

Flashcard 25:

Q: A general term that includes any inanimate object (water, food, fomites, etc.) that can indirectly transmit a pathogen.
A: Vehicle

Flashcard 26:

Q: Transmission of a pathogen can be done by direct or indirect contact. Check all items that are considered indirect contact.
A:

• Oral-fecal contamination (fecally contaminated food or water)

• Droplet nuclei (dried-up mucous secretions in air)

• Aerosols (dust and other small items that float in air)

• Fomite (any nonliving object)

Flashcard 27:

Q: Vector (animal) transmission to humans can happen in two ways.
A:

• Biological

• Mechanical

Flashcard 28:

Q: Match these epidemiological terms.
A:

• Reportable disease → Any disease that by law must be reported by medical professionals to public health officials in order to collect data

• Prevalence → Total number of cases of an illness measured within a population within a specific time period

• Incidence → The number of new cases of an illness within a specific time period and within a population

• Morbidity rate → General term for any measure due to illness such as the number of people with the illness, how long the illness lasts, or for how long the illness existed in a population

• Mortality rate → Number of people who died as a result of a particular illness