Period 7 Vocab

Here are concise APUSH definitions for the terms listed:

1. 19th Amendment (1920): Granted women the right to vote in the United States.

2. 20th Amendment (1933): Moved the presidential inauguration date from March 4 to January 20.

3. Abrams v. U.S. (1919): Supreme Court case that upheld the Espionage Act and limited free speech during wartime.

4. Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923): Supreme Court case that invalidated a minimum wage law for women, arguing it violated freedom of contract.

5. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA): New Deal agency aimed at boosting agricultural prices by reducing production.

6. Al Smith: Four-time governor of New York and first Catholic to run for president (1928).

7. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): Organization founded in 1920 to protect individual rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution.

8. Andrew Mellon: Secretary of the Treasury under Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover; promoted tax cuts for the wealthy.

9. Anti-Imperialist League: Organization formed in opposition to the U.S. annexation of the Philippines following the Spanish-American War.

10. Anti-Saloon League: Prohibitionist organization that advocated for the banning of alcohol.

11. "Arsenal of Democracy": Term coined by President Roosevelt to describe the U.S. role in providing weapons to Allied nations during WWII.

12. Ashcan School of Painting: Art movement in the early 20th century focusing on realistic depictions of urban life.

13. Atlantic Charter (1941): Agreement between the U.S. and Britain outlining post-WWII goals, including self-determination and economic cooperation.

14. Battle of the Bulge (1944-45): Last major German offensive in WWII, which took place in Belgium and Luxembourg.

15. Battle of Midway (1942): Turning point in the Pacific Theater of WWII, where the U.S. defeated Japan.

16. Bretton Woods Conference (1944): Meeting that established the World Bank and International Monetary Fund to promote global economic stability.

17. Bonus Army: Group of WWI veterans who marched to Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand early payment of military bonuses.

18. Boxer Rebellion (1900): Chinese nationalist uprising against foreign influence in China, including the U.S.

19. "Big Stick" Policy: Theodore Roosevelt's approach to foreign policy, emphasizing military power as a deterrent.

20. Cash-and-carry: Policy that allowed belligerent nations to purchase goods from the U.S. during WWII if they paid in cash and transported them.

21. Causes of the Great Depression: Included stock market speculation, bank failures, agricultural overproduction, and income inequality.

22. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): New Deal program that provided jobs in environmental conservation and public works.

23. Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914): Strengthened antitrust laws and legalized strikes and boycotts.

24. Committee on Public Information: Government agency created during WWI to promote pro-war propaganda.

25. D-Day (1944): Allied invasion of Normandy, France, during WWII, marking a turning point in the war.

26. Dawes Plan of 1924: Plan to stabilize the German economy after WWI by rescheduling reparations and providing loans.

27. De Lôme Letter (1898): A private letter from the Spanish ambassador criticizing President McKinley, which fueled anti-Spanish sentiment in the U.S.

28. "Dollar Diplomacy": President Taft's foreign policy of using economic power to influence Latin American and East Asian countries.

29. Dust Bowl: Severe drought in the 1930s that devastated farming in the Great Plains.

30. Emergency Banking Relief Act (1933): Legislation passed during the New Deal to stabilize the U.S. banking system.

31. Equal Rights Amendment (ERA): Proposed amendment to the Constitution guaranteeing equal rights for women, never ratified.

32. Espionage Act (1917) & Sedition Act (1918): Laws that punished anti-war speech and activities during WWI.

33. Executive Order 9066 (1942): Authorized the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII.

34. Fourteen Points (1918): President Wilson’s proposal for post-WWI peace, including the creation of the League of Nations.

35. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): Created by the New Deal to insure bank deposits and restore confidence in the banking system.

36. Federal Reserve Act (1913): Established the Federal Reserve System to regulate the nation's money supply and financial institutions.

37. Federal Trade Commission (FTC): Established to monitor and prevent unfair business practices and promote competition.

38. Fireside Chats: Roosevelt's radio broadcasts aimed at informing and reassuring the American public during the Great Depression.

39. First "Hundred Days": The first 100 days of Roosevelt’s presidency, where he enacted a series of New Deal programs to address the Depression.

40. Francisco "Pancho" Villa: Mexican revolutionary leader who fought against both the Mexican government and U.S. interests.

41. Glass-Steagall Act (1933): Established the FDIC and separated commercial and investment banking to prevent excessive risk-taking.

42. George Creel: Head of the Committee on Public Information, responsible for mobilizing public opinion during WWI.

43. "Gentlemen's Agreement" (1908): Agreement between the U.S. and Japan to limit Japanese immigration.

44. Great Migration: The movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban North during the early 20th century.

45. Harlem Renaissance: Cultural movement in the 1920s that celebrated African American literature, art, and music.

46. Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930): Raised U.S. tariffs on imported goods, exacerbating the Great Depression.

47. Henry Ford: Founder of Ford Motor Company, revolutionized manufacturing with the assembly line and mass production.

48. Hoovervilles: Shantytowns named derisively after President Hoover, where the unemployed lived during the Great Depression.

49. Huey Long: Louisiana governor and senator who advocated for wealth redistribution and a "Share Our Wealth" program.

50. Hiroshima (1945): Japanese city where the U.S. dropped the first atomic bomb during WWII.

51. Insular Cases (1901): Supreme Court rulings that determined the status of U.S. territories acquired in the Spanish-American War.

52. Island-hopping strategy: WWII strategy by the U.S. to capture strategic islands in the Pacific and bypass others to get closer to Japan.

53. IWW ("Wobblies"): Industrial Workers of the World, a radical labor organization that advocated for workers' rights.

54. J. Robert Oppenheimer: Scientific director of the Manhattan Project, responsible for developing the atomic bomb.

55. John Maynard Keynes: Economist who advocated for government intervention to manage economic cycles and stimulate demand during recessions.

56. John Muir: Naturalist and conservationist, founder of the Sierra Club, who played a key role in the establishment of national parks.

57. Korematsu v. U.S. (1944): Supreme Court case that upheld the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII, later criticized and overturned.

58. League of Nations: International organization formed after WWI to promote peace and cooperation, the U.S. did not join.

59. Lend-Lease Act (1941): Allowed the U.S. to provide military aid to Allied nations during WWII, without direct involvement.

60. Lochner v. U.S. (1905): Supreme Court case that struck down a law limiting bakers' working hours, citing economic liberty.

61. Manhattan Project: U.S. project to develop the atomic bomb during WWII.

62. Marcus Garvey & UNIA: Leader of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, which promoted African American pride and self-reliance.

63. Margaret Sanger: Birth control activist and founder of the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

64. Meat Inspection Act (1906): Required federal inspection of meat products to ensure sanitary conditions.

65. "Moral Diplomacy": President Wilson’s foreign policy promoting democracy and human rights, particularly in Latin America.

66. Muckrakers: Journalists who exposed corruption, social injustices, and the abuses of power during the Progressive Era.

67. Munich Agreement/ Munich Accord (1938): Agreement between Britain, France, and Germany allowing Hitler to annex part of Czechoslovakia, seen as appeasement.

68. Nagasaki (1945): Japanese city where the U.S. dropped the second atomic bomb, leading to Japan's surrender in WWII.

69. National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA): New Deal law aimed at promoting industrial recovery and improving labor conditions, later declared unconstitutional.

70. National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act, 1935): Strengthened the rights of workers to organize and bargain collectively.

71. National Labor Relations Board (NLRB): Government agency created to enforce labor laws and protect workers' rights.

72. New Deal: Roosevelt’s program to provide relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression.

73. Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937: Laws aimed at preventing U.S. involvement in foreign wars by restricting arms sales and loans.

74. Northern Securities Co. v. U.S. (1904): Supreme Court case that broke up a monopoly created by railroad companies.

75. "Okies": Term used to describe farmers displaced by the Dust Bowl who migrated westward, particularly to California.

76. "On-margin" buying: Practice of borrowing money to purchase stocks, contributing to the stock market crash of 1929.

77. Operation Torch (1942): Allied invasion of North Africa during WWII.

78. Palmer Raids (1919-1920): U.S. government raids aimed at suppressing suspected radical leftists and anarchists after WWI.

79. Panic of 1907: Financial panic that led to bank runs and the eventual creation of the Federal Reserve.

80. Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909): Tariff law that raised tariffs on some goods and reduced them on others, sparking controversy.

81. Pearl Harbor (1941): Surprise Japanese attack on a U.S. naval base in Hawaii, leading to U.S. entry into WWII.

82. Platt Amendment (1901): U.S. law that restricted Cuban sovereignty and established a U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

83. Potsdam Conference (1945): Meeting between Allied leaders in Germany to discuss post-WWII issues and the fate of Germany.

84. Pure Food & Drug Act (1906): Law that required accurate labeling of food and drugs and banned harmful substances in them.

85. Queen Liliuokalani: Last queen of Hawaii, who was overthrown in a coup supported by U.S. interests.

86. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Government agency created during the Great Depression to provide loans to struggling businesses and banks.

87. Red Scare: Period of fear of communism and radical leftism in the U.S., particularly after WWI and during the early Cold War.

88. Robert La Follette: Progressive governor of Wisconsin and later senator, known for reforms in labor, antitrust, and electoral processes.

89. Roosevelt Corollary: Addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting that the U.S. could intervene in Latin America to maintain stability.

90. Sacco & Vanzetti Trial (1921): Trial of two Italian immigrants who were convicted of murder despite weak evidence, highlighting anti-immigrant sentiment.

91. Schenck v. U.S. (1919): Supreme Court case that upheld the conviction of a man for distributing anti-draft leaflets during WWI, limiting free speech.

92. Scopes Trial (1925): Trial over the teaching of evolution in schools, symbolizing the conflict between science and religion.

93. "Second" New Deal: Roosevelt’s second wave of programs in 1935-36 that focused on social welfare and labor rights.

94. Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC): Agency created to regulate the stock market and protect investors after the Great Depression.

95. Selective Service Act (1940): Law that instituted the first peacetime draft in U.S. history to prepare for WWII.

96. Social Security Act (1935): New Deal law that established a system of retirement pensions, unemployment insurance, and welfare for the elderly.

97. Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918: Global influenza outbreak that killed millions, contributing to post-WWI social and economic instability.

98. "Square Deal": Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program focused on fairness for workers, consumers, and businesses.

99. Teapot Dome Scandal: Scandal involving the leasing of federal oil reserves to private companies during the Harding administration.

100. Tehran Conference (1943): Meeting of Allied leaders to plan the next phase of WWII and discuss post-war strategies.

101. Teller Amendment (1898): Stated that the U.S. would not annex Cuba after defeating Spain in the Spanish-American War.

102. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA): New Deal program to provide electricity and economic development to the Tennessee Valley region.

103. Treaty of Paris (1898): Treaty that ended the Spanish-American War, giving the U.S. control over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

104. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911): Tragic fire that led to major reforms in labor laws and workplace safety.

105. William Randolph Hearst: Newspaper magnate known for sensationalist "yellow journalism" that fueled public support for the Spanish-American War.

106. Women's Christian Temperance Union: Organization that advocated for the prohibition of alcohol and supported other social reforms.

107. Works Progress Administration (WPA): New Deal agency that provided jobs in public works projects during the Great Depression.

108. Volstead Act (1920): Law that enforced the prohibition of alcohol in the U.S.

109. Yalta Conference (1945): Meeting of Allied leaders to discuss post-WWII plans, including the division of Germany and the creation of the United Nations.

110. Yellow Journalism: Sensationalized news reporting aimed at increasing circulation and stirring public sentiment.

111. Young Plan (1929): Plan to reduce Germany's reparations after WWI, following the Dawes Plan.