Roman history quiz 2

Education

• Nutrix: A wet nurse, a woman hired to breastfeed and care for children in Roman families.

• Paedagogue: A tutor or slave responsible for guiding children, often acting as a moral influence.

• Ludi magister: The primary school teacher who instructed young children in basic literacy, including reading and writing.

• Grammaticus: The teacher who took over after the ludi magister, teaching grammar, literature, history, and sometimes philosophy.

• Rhetor: A teacher of rhetoric who trained students in the art of persuasion, speech-making, and public speaking.

• Progymnasmata: A set of preparatory exercises in rhetoric, including fables and themes for practice speeches.

• Controversiae: Rhetorical exercises focusing on arguing a position in a dispute, used in advanced rhetoric training.

• Suasoriae: Rhetorical exercises in which students would try to persuade a character in a historical or mythical situation, such as advising them on a course of action.

Gender and Sexuality

• Vir: A man, symbolizing strength, masculinity, and power.

• Mulier: A woman, traditionally seen as softer and more submissive than men.

• Stuprum: Sexual misconduct, with different definitions for men and women. Men were penalized for having sex with anyone they couldn't legally marry, while women were penalized for sex outside marriage.

• Per vim stuprum: Rape or sexual assault by force.

• Meretrix: A high-class prostitute, typically well-regarded and skilled.

• Scortum: A derogatory term for a prostitute.

• Lupa: A slang term for a prostitute, literally meaning "she-wolf."

• Cinaedus: A man who plays a passive sexual role, often used derogatorily.

Religion

• Pomerium: The sacred boundary around the city of Rome, within which military activity was restricted. It marked a division between civilian and military space.

• Triumph: A ceremonial procession celebrating military victories, often featuring the victorious general and the captured enemy.

• Campus Martius: A large public area outside the pomerium where military training, public events, and elections were held.

• Syncretism: The blending of Roman gods with local deities, especially as Rome expanded its empire.

• Litatio: The successful completion of a religious sacrifice, signaling the gods' approval.

• Instauratio: The restart of a religious ritual if it was deemed incorrect or if an omen was unfavorable.

• Pax Deorum: The "peace of the gods," which was maintained through proper religious observance and rituals to ensure the welfare of the state.

• Sacra: Sacred rituals and ceremonies in Roman religious practice.

• Pontifices: A group of priests responsible for overseeing religious practices and maintaining the sacred calendar.

• Pontifex Maximus: The chief priest of Rome, a position that was later held by the emperor.

• Fasti: The official calendar of religious festivals and observances in Rome.

• Augures: Priests who interpreted the will of the gods through the observation of birds' behavior, especially flight patterns.

• Haruspices: Priests who read the entrails of sacrificed animals to discern omens and the gods' will.

• Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis: A group of 15 priests responsible for consulting the Sibylline Books to guide religious responses to crises.

• Sibylline Books: A collection of prophetic writings consulted during times of national crisis, such as plagues or military defeats.

• Apotheosis: The elevation or deification of a person, especially a ruler, to the status of a god after their death. This was often a formal act by the Roman Senate to honor emperors and other notable figures. For example, Julius Caesar's apotheosis marked his deification after his assassination.

• Lares: The household gods in Roman religion, typically associated with the protection of the family and the home. Lares were worshipped in private shrines within Roman homes, often near the hearth or entrance.

• Lararium: A small shrine in a Roman home dedicated to the Lares and sometimes other household gods. These shrines were typically located in public or semi-public spaces in the house, like the atrium, and were a central aspect of domestic worship.

• Defixiones: Curse tablets used in Roman magical and religious practices. These were inscribed sheets of lead or other materials, on which individuals would write curses or requests for divine intervention, often directed at specific people or situations. These tablets were frequently buried or deposited in tombs or wells to amplify their effectiveness.

Art and Architecture

• Verism: A style of hyper-realistic portraiture emphasizing age and character, often used to honor ancestors and portray virtuous qualities.

• Capite Velato: A style in portraiture where the subject's head is veiled, often seen in religious or ritualistic contexts.

• Nodus: A knot in a hairstyle, especially in female portraits, which could symbolize modesty or virtue.

• Polychromy: The use of multiple colors in art, especially in sculpture and architectural decoration.

• Fresco: A method of wall painting in which pigments are applied onto wet plaster, allowing the colors to become a permanent part of the wall surface.

• In Tempera: A painting technique where pigments are mixed with egg yolk or other binders, used for painting on wood panels or canvases.

• Trompe l’oeil: A painting technique that creates the illusion of three-dimensional space, fooling the eye into thinking that objects are real.

Roman Sex and Sexuality (Additional Terms)

• Phallocentric Model: A worldview where male power and sexuality, symbolized by the phallus, dominate cultural norms.

• Priapus: A fertility god associated with the phallus, often depicted in art as a protective figure.

• Tintinnabula: Small bells with phallic symbols, used as charms to ward off evil.

• Futuere: The active verb for vaginal intercourse, referring to the penetrative role.

• Crisare: The passive verb for vaginal intercourse, referring to the penetrated role.

• Pedicare: The active verb for anal intercourse, referring to the penetrative role.

• Cevere: The passive verb for anal intercourse, referring to the penetrated role.

• Irrumare: The active verb for oral intercourse, specifically referring to the act of forcing oral sex on someone.

• Fellare: The passive verb for oral sex, specifically referring to performing oral sex.

1. Numina: Refers to the divine forces or powers that Romans believed inhabited various objects, places, or natural phenomena. This was an important concept in Roman religion, representing the presence of the gods in everyday life.

2. Penates: Another class of household gods, different from the Lares, associated with the protection of the household’s food supply and general prosperity. These gods were often worshipped alongside the Lares in the lararium.

3. Pax Romana: The period of relative peace and stability across the Roman Empire that lasted for about two centuries (27 BC - 180 AD), initiated by Emperor Augustus. This time is often associated with the expansion of Roman culture and infrastructure.

4. Vestal Virgins: Priestesses in ancient Rome responsible for maintaining the sacred fire of Vesta, the goddess of the hearth. They were selected as young girls and served for 30 years. Their role was seen as crucial to the well-being of the Roman state.

5. Augury: A form of divination in ancient Rome where priests, known as augurs, interpreted the will of the gods by studying the flight patterns of birds or other natural signs.

6. Romanization: The process by which non-Roman communities within the Roman Empire adopted Roman culture, laws, and customs. This often involved the spread of Roman architecture, language (Latin), and religion.

7. Patronage: A central feature of Roman social and political life, where wealthy and powerful individuals (patrons) provided support to clients (often lower-status individuals), who in turn gave loyalty and services in return.

8. Roman Forums: The central public spaces in Roman cities, where political, social, and commercial activities took place. The Roman Forum in Rome, in particular, is one of the most famous examples.

9. Triumphal Arches: Monumental structures built to commemorate military victories. These arches were inscribed with the achievements of Roman generals or emperors and were often placed along major roads.

10. Gladiatorial Games: Public spectacles that involved armed combat between gladiators, which was an important form of entertainment in ancient Rome. These games were often held in arenas like the Colosseum.

These terms and concepts help deepen understanding of Roman culture and religion and tie into the themes you've already explored. Let me know if you want more details on any of these or others!

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whatever notes i've sent you before to synthesize, filter what seems the most important and what would be on the test and send it here for me to add on

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Here's a filtered list of the most important concepts and terms based on everything you've shared with me so far, which should be relevant for your test:

Roman Religion and Culture:

1. Lares: Household gods who protected the home and family, worshiped in the lararium (household shrine).

2. Lararium: Small domestic shrine in Roman homes dedicated to the Lares, Penates, and other gods, often placed in a prominent area of the house.

3. Penates: Gods of the pantry and the household's food supply, worshiped along with the Lares.

4. Numina: Divine powers or forces believed to reside in everyday objects, animals, and natural phenomena.

5. Vestal Virgins: Priestesses who tended the sacred fire of Vesta, maintaining an important role in Roman religion and state affairs.

6. Defixiones: Curse tablets used in Roman society, often inscribed with curses to invoke the gods' power to harm someone.

7. Augury: The practice of interpreting the will of the gods through the study of birds' flight patterns or other natural signs.

8. Pax Romana: The period of peace and stability across the Roman Empire, beginning with Augustus, fostering the growth of Roman culture.

9. Triumphal Arches: Monumental arches built to commemorate military victories, often inscribed with the accomplishments of Roman generals and emperors.

10. Romanization: The spread and adoption of Roman culture, law, and customs in the provinces of the Roman Empire.

Roman Society and Politics:

1. Patronage: The relationship between wealthy patrons and their clients, where patrons offered protection, resources, and support in exchange for loyalty and services.

2. Roman Forums: Central public spaces where social, political, and commercial activities took place in Roman cities. The Roman Forum in Rome is the most well-known example.

3. Gladiatorial Games: Public spectacles in which gladiators fought in arenas, often sponsored by the elite to entertain the public and demonstrate power.

4. Augurs: Priests who practiced augury, interpreting omens and signs to guide political and military decisions.

5. Apotheosis: The elevation of a person to divine status, often applied to Roman emperors after their death, signifying their deification.

Architecture & Art:

1. Triumphal Arches: Monumental structures built to commemorate military victories. They were important symbols of Roman power and military success.

2. Aqueducts: Engineering marvels that transported water to urban centers, essential for maintaining Roman cities.

3. Roman Roads: Crucial for communication and military movement throughout the empire, these roads represented Roman infrastructure and control over vast territories.

4. Amphitheaters: Circular or oval arenas used for gladiatorial games, public spectacles, and other forms of entertainment, with the Colosseum being the most famous example.

5. Mosaics: Artistic decoration using small, colored pieces of stone or glass, often used to adorn floors and walls of Roman villas and public buildings.

History and Political Structures:

1. The Roman Republic: The early period of Roman history, characterized by a system of elected officials and governance by the Senate.

2. The Roman Empire: The period of Roman history following the rise of Augustus, when Rome became an empire with emperors holding absolute power.

3. The Senate: The governing body in the Roman Republic, later losing much of its power in the Roman Empire under emperors.

4. Julius Caesar: The military general and dictator whose assassination marked the end of the Roman Republic and the transition to the Empire.

5. Emperor Augustus: The first Roman emperor who established the Roman Empire and ushered in the Pax Romana.

Daily Life:

1. Baths: Public baths were important social spaces in Roman life, where people could relax, exercise, and meet others.

2. Dinner Parties (Convivia): Social gatherings in Roman society, often involving feasts and discussions. These were an important aspect of Roman elite culture.