● Citizen Science: scientific research conducted in whole or part by distributed individuals, many of whom may

not be scientists, who contribute relevant data to research using their own computing devices.

● Cleaning Data: a process that makes the data uniform without changing its meaning (e.g., replacing all

equivalent abbreviations, spellings, and capitalizations with the same word).

● Correlation: a relationship between two pieces of data, typically referring to the amount that one varies in

relation to the other.

● Crowdsourcing: the practice of obtaining input or information from a large number of people via the Internet.

● Information: the collection of facts and patterns extracted from data

● Data bias: data that does not accurately reflect the full population or phenomenon being studied

● Data filtering: choosing a smaller subset of a data set to use for analysis, for example by eliminating / keeping

only certain rows in a table

● Parameter: a variable in a function definition. Used as a placeholder for values that will be passed through the

function.

● Argument: the value passed to the parameter

● Return: used to return the flow of control to the point where the procedure (also known as a function) was

called and to return the value of expression.

● Procedural abstraction: a process and allows a procedure to be used only knowing what it does, not how it

does it. Procedural abstraction allows a solution to a large problem to be based on the solution of smaller

subproblems. This is accomplished by creating procedures to solve each of the subproblems.

● Library: a group of functions (procedures) that may be used in creating new programs

● API: Application Program Interface - specifications for how functions in a library behave and can be used

● Problem: a general description of a task that can (or cannot) be solved with an algorithm

● Algorithm: a finite set of instructions that accomplish a task.

● Sequencing: putting steps in an order.

● Selection: deciding which steps to do next.

● Iteration: doing some steps over and over

● Efficiency: a measure of how many steps are needed to complete an algorithm

● Linear Search: a search algorithm which checks each element of a list, in order, until the desired value is

found or all elements in the list have been checked.

● Binary Search: a search algorithm that starts at the middle of a sorted set of numbers and removes half of the

data; this process repeats until the desired value is found or all elements have been eliminated.

● Reasonable Time: Algorithms with a polynomial efficiency or lower (constant, linear, square, cube, etc.) are

said to run in a reasonable amount of time.

● Unreasonable Time: Algorithms with exponential or factorial efficiencies are examples of algorithms that run

in an unreasonable amount of time.

● Heuristic: provides a "good enough" solution to a problem when an actual solution is impractical or impossible

● Decision Problem: a problem with a yes/no answer (e.g., is there a path from A to B?)

● Optimization Problem: a problem with the goal of finding the "best" solution among many (e.g., what is the

shortest path from A to B?)

● Undecidable Problem: a problem for which no algorithm can be constructed that is always capable of

providing a correct yes-or-no answer

● Sequential Computing: a model in which programs run in order, one command at a time.

● Parallel Computing: a model in which programs are broken into small pieces, some of which are run

simultaneously

● Distributed Computing: a model in which programs are run by multiple devices

● Speedup: the time used to complete a task sequentially divided by the time to complete a task in parallel

● List: an ordered collection of elements

● Element: an individual value in a list that is assigned a unique index

● Index: a common method for referencing the elements in a list or string using numbers

● Iteration: a repetitive portion of an algorithm which repeats a specified number of times or until a given

condition is met.

● Infinite loop: occurs when the ending condition will never evaluate to true.

● Traversal: the process of accessing each item in a list one at a time.

● Data abstraction: manage complexity in programs by giving a collection of data a name without referencing

the specific details of the representation.

● Expression: a combination of operators and values that evaluates to a single value

● Assignment Operator: allows a program to change the value represented by a variable

● Variable: a named reference to a value that can be used repeatedly throughout a program.

● String: an ordered sequence of characters.

● Boolean Value: a data type that is either true or false.

● Comparison Operators: <, >, <=, >=, ==, != indicate a Boolean expression

● Logical operator: NOT, AND, and OR, which evaluate to a Boolean value.

● Conditional Statement: affect the sequential flow of control by executing different statements based on the

value of a Boolean expression.

● Function: a named group of programming instructions. Also referred to as a “procedure”.

● Function Call: a command that executes the code within a function

● User Interface: the inputs and outputs that allow a user to interact with a piece of software. User interfaces

can include a variety of forms such as buttons, menus, images, text, and graphics.

● Input: data that are sent to a computer for processing by a program. Can come in a variety of forms, such as

tactile interaction, audio, visuals, or text.

● Output: any data that are sent from a program to a device. Can come in a variety of forms, such as tactile

interaction, audio, visuals, or text.

● Program Statement: a command or instruction. Sometimes also referred to as a code statement.

● Program: a collection of program statements. Programs run (or “execute”) one command at a time.

● Sequential Programming: program statements run in order, from top to bottom.

● Event Driven Programming: some program statements run when triggered by an event, like a mouse click or

a key press

● Documentation: a written description of how a command or piece of code works or was developed.

● Comment: form of program documentation written into the program to be read by people and which do not

affect how a program runs.

● Pair Programming: a collaborative programming style in which two programmers switch between the roles of

writing code and tracking or planning high level progress

● Debugging: Finding and fixing problems in an algorithm or program.

● Development process: the steps or phases used to create a piece of software. Typical phases include

investigating, designing, prototyping, and testing

● Event: associated with an action and supplies input data to a program. Can be generated when a key is

pressed, a mouse is clicked, a program is started, or by any other defined action that affects the flow of

execution.

● Computing Device: a machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers, routers, and

smart sensors

● Computing System: a group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose

● Computing Network: a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.

● Path: the series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending

with a receiver.

● Bandwidth: the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits

per second.

● Protocol: An agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of some system

● IP Address: The unique number assigned to each device on the Internet.

● Internet Protocol (IP): a protocol for sending data across the Internet that assigns unique numbers (IP

addresses) to each connected device

● Router: A type of computer that forwards data across a network

● Packet: A chunk of data sent over a network. Larger messages are divided into packets that may arrive at the

destination in order, out-of-order, or not at all.

● Redundancy: the inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual

components fail, for example by having more than one path between any two connected devices in a network.

● Fault Tolerant: Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures. This is important

because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at unexpected times, often in groups.

● HTTP: HyperText Transfer Protocol - the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the Internet

● Internet: a computer network consisting of interconnected networks that use standardized, open

(nonproprietary) communication protocols.

● World Wide Web: a system of linked pages, programs, and files.

● Digital Divide: differing access to computing devices and the Internet, based on socioeconomic, geographic,

or demographic characteristics

● Binary: A way of representing information using only two options.

● Bit: A contraction of "Binary Digit"; the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or

1

● Byte: 8 bits

● Overflow Error: Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large.

● Round-off Error: Error from attempting to represent a number that is too precise. The value is rounded.

● Analog Data: Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time. Some examples of analog

data include music, colors of a painting, or position of a sprinter during a race.

● Digital Data: Data that changes discretely through a finite set of possible values

● Sampling: A process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the analog data at

regular intervals called samples.

● Lossless Compression: A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something without

losing any information. This process is reversible.

● Lossy Compression: A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which

some information is lost or thrown away. This process is not reversible.

● Intellectual Property: A work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a piece of writing or a design,

to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc.

● Creative Commons: A collection of public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise

copyrighted work, used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that

they have created