INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY

LIST THE SOURCE OF DRUGS :

• Plant source

  • many plants have medicinal qualitiesand have been

  • almost parts ; leaves, barks, fruits, roots, stem, wood, seeds, blossom, buld etc.

  • the product is used without futher processing : ground leaves or bark, boiled concoction or powdered sap, the substance is called crude drug

  • example drugs from plants : digoxin, vincristine, atropine, tubcurarine,nicotine

• Animal source

  • many important derived from animal source

  • almost part : animals body secretion, fluid, or glands

  • example drug from animals : insulin, heparin, adrenaline,thyroxin, cod liver oil, musk, enzymes, and immunoglobins

• microbial sources

  • several life-saving drugs from microorganisms

  • example drug from microbial : penicillin produced by penicillium notatum (fungus), streptomycin, chloramphenicol and neomycin from streptomyces spp. (actinobacteria), bacitracin from bacillus subtilis etc.

• marine sources

  • bioactive compund from marine flora and fauna have extensive past and present

  • the prevention, treatment, or cure of many disease

  • coral, sponge, fish and marine microorganims produce biogically potent chemical with interesting anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anticancer activity

• mineral sources

  • mineral (both metallic and non-metallic minerals) have been used since ancient times

  • our body requires trace elements of minerals to maintain homeostasis

  • example drug from mineral :ferrous sulfate in anemia ; magnesium sulfate as purgative ; magnesium trisilicate, aluminium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate as antacids ; zink oxide oinments as skin protectant ; gold salts as anti-inflammatory in rheuumatoid arthiritis ; selenium as anti-dandruff

• synthetic / chemical derivative

  • a synthetic drug is produced using chemical synthesis

  • majority of drug used in clinical practice are exclusively prepared synthetically in pharmaceutical and chemical laboratory

  • example drug from synthetic :sulfonamides, aspirin, paracetamol etc.

• semi-synthetic sources

  • hybrid drug

  • made by chemically modify subtance that are available from natural sources to improve potency, efficacy and reduce side effect

  • cheap, easy to buy cause copy from synthetic

  • example drug from semi-synthetic : heroin from mophine, ampicillin fro penicillin etc.

• biosynthetic sources (genetically engineered drugs)

  • develop by mixing discoveriesfrom molecular biology, recombinant DNA technology, DNA alterration, gene splicing immunolofy, and immune pharmacology

  • using organims with the helpof biotechnology or genetic engineering are known as biology, biopharmaceuticals

  • example drug from biosynthetic sources : recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, recombinant insulin and others

EXPLAIN HOW DRUGS ARE CLASSIFIED

1. Clinical indication

   • example - bronchondilator drugs, angina drugs, anti-iflammatory drugs, anti-hypertensives

2. pharmacological action - how it works

   • example - diuretic, calsium channel blockers, beta- blokers etc.

3. body system

   • example - CNS drugs, cardiovascular drugs

4. chemical classifications

   • example - statins, sulfonamides, penicillins

DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE GENERIC AND TRADE NAMES OF DRUGS

1. generic name

   • copies the brand name

   • same dosage form, intended use, effects, side effect, routeof administration, riks, safety, and strength as the original drug

   • more cheaper

2. trade name

   • original drugs

   • expensive cause to many money are used went make drugs

EXPLAIN WHAT IS A GENERIC DRUG AND PATENTED / PROPRIETARY DRUG

DIFFERENTIATE THE COMMON DOSAGE FORMS