chapter one anatomy

• Human anatomy- study of thr structure of the human body

• • Human physiology- stufy of its functions

Six Structure Level:

• • Chemical- smallest level/ atoms into molecules

• • cellular- cells that differes on shape, size, and function

• • tissue- group of small cells and materials, called the extracellular matrix come together to perform a common function

• • organs- two or more tissues that come together to create a structure

• • organ systems- a group of organs that work together

• • organism- organ systems function together to make up the working body

• • the human bosy has 11 organ systems

Organ Systems of the body

• • Intefumentary System- protects/ retains water/ produces vitamin d/ regulates temp/ Ex: skin, hair, nails

• • Skeletal system- supports/ protects/ allows movement/ produce blood cells/ stores calcium/ ex: Bome, Joints

• • Muscular system- allows movement/ generates heat/ ex: skeletal muscle

• • nervous system- regulates body functions/ sensation/ movement/ mental function/ ex: soinal cord, nerves

• • endocrine system- regulates body functions/ regulates functions of muscules, glands, etc woth chemicals called hormones/ ex: ovaries/ testes/ pancreas/ adrenal glands/ thymus/ thyroid/ pituitary

• • a&p 2 cardiovascular system- delivers oxygen blood to the body and non oxygen blood to lungs/ removes waste from tissues/ transports nutrients and cells/ ex: heart, bllod vessels

• • Lymphatic system- returns excess tissue fluid to the caridovascular system/ provides protection against diseases/ Ex: tonsils, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymphatic vessels

• • Respiratory system- deliveres oxygen to the blood/ removes carbon dioxide/ maintains acid base balacne of blood/ ex:nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs

  • Digestive system- digest food/ absorbs nutrients/ removes waste/ balance of fluid electroyltr, and acid- base/ ex: mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine, small intestine

  • urinary system- removes waste/ balance of fluid electroyltr, and acid- base/ stimulates blood cell production/ ex: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

  • reproductive system (male)- produces and transports sperm/ secretes hormone/ sexual function/ ex: prostate glad, ductus deferens, testies, penis

  • reproductive system (female)- produces and transports oocytes/ fetal development/ child birth/ lactaion/ secretes hormons/ sexual function/ ex: mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vagina

  Types of anatomy and physiology

  • systemic anatomy- lookinf primarily at individual organ systemd

  • regional anatomy- divided into regions

  • surface anatomy- study the surface marking of the body

  • gross anatomy- examines structures that can be seen by the naked eye

  • microscopic anatomy- structures requires the aid of a microscope

  • histology- study of tissue

  • cytology- study of cells

  Anatomical position and directional

  • anatomical position- standing upright/ at attention

  • anterior- front

  • posterior- back

  • superior- towards the head/ only for head and trunk

  • inferior- away from head/ towards the toes

  • proximal- close to trunk or point of origin only used for limbs

  • distal- far from trunk or point of origin

  • medial- close to the midline

  • lateral- farther away from the midlinesuperficial- clos to the surface

  • deep- farther from the surface

  regionaal terms

  • axial region- head, neck, and trunk

  • appendicular region- lower and upper limbs

  Planes of section

  • sagittal plane- divides the body into right and left sections

  • midsagittal/ median plane- equal left and right side

  • parasagittal plane- unequal right and left sections

  • frontal/ coronal plane- splits the body into anterior and posterior

  • transverse/ horizontal plane- divides the body into superior and inferior 

  cavities 

  • posterior body cavity- back side of the body

  • cranial cavity

  • vertabral

  • anterior bidy cavity- front side of the body

  • diaphragm muscle- seperates the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity

  • abdominopelvic cavity

  • abdominal cavity- from the diaphragm to the bony pelvis

  • pelvic cavity- within the bony pelvis

  • peritoneal cavity- 

  • Thoracic cavity

  • pleural cavity- surrounds the lung located in the serous membranes

  • mediastinum- houses thhe heart and great blood vessels, trachea, and esophagus/ pneumomediastinum- air in the mediastinum trapped in 

  • pericardial cavity- cavity that surround the heart       

  • Quadrant

    • right upper quadrant 

    • right lower quadrant 

    • left lower quadrant 

    • left upper quadrant

      Serous membranes- body cavity are formed by thin sheets of tissue 

    • Serous fluid- within the cavities between the organ andd serous membrane a layer of fluid

    • visceral layer- inner layer that contacts the organ

    • parietal layer- outer layer that attaches to surrounding structures

    • lungs/ pleural membranes- around the lungs consist of the parietal pleura,as the oyter layer curving along the thoracic wall, and  the visceral pleura, which is shown as the inner layer 

    • heart/ pericardial membranes- around the heart consist of the parietal pericardium, which is the outer layer encircling the heart in the mediastinum, and the visceral pericardium which attaches to the heart muscle itself

    • abdominal organs/ peritoneal membranes- around some abdominal organs are the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum/ envolves several organs intra peritoneal/ only covers the anterior surface of the organs/ retro peritoneal

    • peritonitis- infection of the parietal layer 

    • x-ray - uses ionizing radiation to produce an image internal body structure

    • computed tomogtaphy scan (ct)- uses ionizing radiation to gather data, but these data are fed into a computer to produce a three dimensional image

    • magnetic resonance inage (mri)- produced by placing the body within a magnetic field, computer then complies the data and produces a three dimensional image

Core principles 

• homeostasis- bodies ability to develop and maintain a relatively stable internal environment

• feedback loop- homeostatic control mechanism in which a change in a regulated variable causes effects that feed back and affect that same variable 

• positvie feedback loop ( reinforcing the initial change and increasing the output)  

• effector activity actually increase in response to a stimulas

• seen in negative feedback loops to help get quicker response

• Most Common negative feedback loop( opposing the initial change and reducing the output)

• set point- normal value

• stimulus- variable outside its normal range

• receptor- alerts the control center

• control center- recieves a stimulus from a receptor and regulates the output of an effector

• effectors- causes physiological responses that returns the variable to the normal range

structure and function

• principle of complementarity of structure and function- a core principle the structure of a chemical, cell, tisssue, or organ is always such that it best suits its function

Gradients drive many physiological processes

• gradient- present any time more of something exists on one area then another and the two areas are connected

• concentration gradient- pill is dissolving in a beaker of water

• pressure gradient- we have a sysyringe witha plunger pushing down

• temperature gradient- heat is hot at the heater and cooler the farther you get from it

cell- cell communication

• cells must talk to ensure homeostasis