Civil Rigths

Sit ins: feb 1 1960, greensboro nc, woolworths, 50k ppl doing by end of yr

Orgs: two for grass roots

• Southern christian leadership conference-mlk 1957, southern clergy

• Student Non-Violent  Coordinating Committee(diane nash) aggressive, no clergy

Freedom Riders(1961):  mostly sncc, white and black students ride around to segregated bus terminals 

• Sup court 1961: no segregation on interstate buses/terminals

• Sup court 1962:  segregation on all interstate transport wrong

James merideth(1962):  tries to enroll in u of mississippi, gov ignored fed court order, kennedy has to send in 30k troops to keep peace

Medger Evers Murder(1963): head of naacp, drive by 

Birmingham(1963): bombingham, lots of bombings, church

•  Gov of alabama:  george wallace, fierce segregationist

• Mlk +sclc do all out protest 

• Letter from birmingham jail: after king is arrested, appealed to white clergy

June 1963:   passionate civil rights speech on tv, calls for legislation

March on washington(april 1963):  march on washington, i have a dream speech

Civil rights act of 1964:  mo more seg in public places, restores 14th to intended meaning

SHIFT TO VOTING RIGHTS

Summer 1964(mississippi); freedom summer , snic sends college students down to register black ppl to vote, 37 black churches bombed, 1k arrested

Missipi freedom dem party(1964): dem convention

March from selma to montgomery(1965-mlk): bloody sunday

• Voting rights act of 1965:  restores 15th to intended meeting, guarantee black rights to vote

1965:  by this time of goals met and movement diverges 

Post 1965:  north/cities, end black poverty, black power/willingness to use violence, white support lost after 1965, secular, separatism

Pre 1965: south /cities, desegregation/voting rights in s,  non violent, mlk, lots of northern white support, clergy, integregatiom

Long hot summers(1964-1969):  annual summer race riots in northern cities, black rage against poverty + ghetto conditions- watts riots(summer 67), newark

Malcom X: black separatism, fight back, killed 65

Black Power Movement

• Stokeley Carmicheal-1966:  kicks out all whits of sncc

Black Panthers:  combine black power with marxism to cause revolution

Kerner Commission(1967):  said we need poverty fighting initiatives for black ppl-investigate riots

White Backlash:  less white support, white oppositisim 

• Whites oppose affirmative action

Civil rights act of 1968:  bans discrimination in housing

MLK assanistin(april 4th 1968): all hell breaks loose

ASSUMPTIONS ABT VIETNAM

Communism:  we think conflict is part of ussr attempt to spread communist soviet influence , valid application of containment

Domino theory:  one country falls to commies, another country falls

Involvement so far

• Truman:  gave econ and military aid to french in south

• Eisenhower:  pumps in a billion to south vietnam

Kennedy: buys into above assumptions, increases us involvement even more( pattern for pres), puts ppl in vietnam, 16k by end of presidency( training viet army, other support)

Overlapping conflicts

• NV v SV

• Vietcong:south viet  communists( fighting against sv who support nv) v SV gov

• Deims gov:  no popular support

Nov 1963:  diem is overthrown and assassinated in military coup

• Chronic instability in south viet

LBJ:  rejects call by un, french+ vietcong forum coalition govt in sv 

Gulf of Tonkin Incident(aug 1964): us navy was helping sv with raids, us patrol boat maybe attacked off coast of nv

• Johnson lies and says we were victim of unprovoked vietnamese attack

• Gulf of tonkin resolution(1964): congress gives lbj authority to repel attacks on us forces and to act to prevent further acts of aggression-johnson can do whatever he wants in vietnam

1965:  us massive escalation in vietnam, us bombs ho chi minh trail in laos( cut off supply lines)

Operation rolling thunder(1965):  massive us bombings of nv

Ground troops:  by end of 1965 there was 184k , by end of 1968 there is 536k, 65-68 is massive escalation, lots of guerilla warfare, ptsd, vietcong blends in with villages

• Lots of draft evasion

My Lai Massacre(1968):  walk into sv village and kill everyone, 200+ ppl most innocent

Credibility Gap:  media starts talking about miss info from gov and military

Knowledge Gap:  between what we thought we knew and what was actually true

Tet Offensive(jan 1968); tet is viet lunar new year, always had truce during this time, north viet and viet cong attack every major settlement/ every us military base in sv at one time- we crushed in matter of days

• Showed nv- vietcong were not beaten

Effects:  huge demoralizing on us public opinion, discredits lbj entire us policy

Feb 1968:  dem primary in nh, bc of vietnam eugene mccarthy( sen mn) challenge johnson for president and gets 42% of vote- ppl do not like johnson

March 31 1968:  lbj on tv withdraws from presidential election

OTHER 1960s PROTESTS

Students movement:  in 1962 college students from Students for a Dem Society(sds)

• Port Huron Statement: condemned racism and poverty of us 

• Called  on us to actually put its democratic deals into practice,certain groups in society have too much power( politicians, corps and military)_

Free speech Movement(1964): uc berkeley, mario savio, berkeley says they won't allow peace speech and civil rights speech(but allow military), savio calls for demonstrations, heavy handed police

New Left Movement( from student and free speech):  intelectual, radical, quasi marxist critique of us society 

Women's Movement(1960s): end workplace discrimination in hiring/ promotions, equal pay, affordable child care                  

• Betty Friedan(1963)-the feminine mystique: women have mystique of things to fulfill( get married, have kids), if u feel unfulfilled u wrong, don't fully develop as adult

• National org For Women(NOW)betty again: movement at law

• Radical Feminists( grassroots)

• Equal Rights amendment(approved by congress in 1972)- only 36 approved

• Title 9:  if u wanted fed funding for sports they needed to be equal opportunity

Opposition(philyis schlafly): special protective legislation for women would not be active

Roe v Wade(1973):  decriminalize abortion federally 

Anti war movement

Wings

• Left: evil war waged by an evil imperialist us-just leave-radical

• Liberal: war waged by a mistaken us, misinformed, misguided, solution unclear

• Centrist: war was bad because its impact at home(too long, too much death. Too much division), not worth it- surge with tet offensive 

Counter Culture: question conventional society norms, anti materialism, rock

• Timothy Leary: harvard prof who experimented with lsd, started movement 

• Sexual Revolution: birth control pill in 1960, contraception a lot easier, everybody doing it

Gay rights Movement

• Stonewall riot(1969): organized movement

1968: the hard year, marks shifts toward conservatism

• Jan:  uss pueblo captured off north korea, tet offensive

• March: eugene mccarthy wins 42% of vote in dem nh primary, rfk enters race for pres, lbj announces bombing halt and withdraws from race

• April: mlk assinited, sparks race riots, colombia uni student takeovers, violence protest

• June: RFK

• August: dem convention in chi, violence in streets between chi and protest groups

• Nov: Nixon(nicer, middle America) narrowly wins the presidential election. Dems nominated hubert humprhery( long history in senate and civil rights), independent was george wallace(patriotism, law, anti protest)

Impact of nixon victory:  discredits johnson and vietnam war, erosion of post war consensus, first time dems lost south since 1850s, fdr coalition in trouble

Nixon Forgein policy:  top goal was to get us out of vietnam while saving ace

• Nixon Doctrine:  us will help nations that help themselves(us was over extended 

De-escalation in vietnam(1969-1973): biggest anti war protests in 1969, april 1970 us invades cambodia

• Vietnamization: gradually turn over more + more responsibility for fighting to south vietnam itself, also bomb north vietnam alot

Kent state(may 1970); national guard unit shoot student protesters

June 1970:  congress revoked gulf on tonk resolution

Petagon Papers:  published in 1971 which was secret history of vietnam

Jan 1973: vietnam ceasefire 

War powers Resolution: the pres may only commit us troops abroad for 60 days without congressional approval

Fighting dont stop: after we leave ceasefire falls apart and by 1975 south vietnam falls

Retaliations with USSR: nixon henry kissinger-realpolitik(realism), stability of moderation

Detente:  deliberately lessen cold war tensions 

• 1972:  opens relations with communist china 

Salt(strategic arms limitations treaty): put limits on nukes,