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King William's War: Series of assaults against French Canada.
1689 Bill of Rights: Passed by Parliament; curtailed monarchy powers and solidified Protestantism in England.
Impact on English Colonists: The revolution fostered unity among Protestant colonists against perceived Catholic tyranny and absolutism, bolstering the idea of a Protestant empire.

1632 Colony Founded: A tract of 12 million acres was granted by Charles I for a new colony, Maryland, aimed at creating a haven for Catholics.
Cecilius Calvert: The second Lord Baltimore and political ally of Charles I; aimed to establish a wealthy and diverse colony.
Settlement Dynamics: By 1634, both Protestant and Catholic settlers migrated to Maryland; however, most were Protestants fleeing Virginia’s Anglican hegemony.
Political Changes: In 1650, the dominant Puritan group revolted, establishing a government against both Catholicism and Anglicanism.
Calvert's Loss: Post-Glorious Revolution (1688-1689), the Calverts lost Maryland, and it became a royal colony.

Origins: Developed from Saybrook and New Haven settlements due to overcrowding in Massachusetts.
Thomas Hooker's Influence: Led a group to settle in Newtown (later Hartford) in June 1636, establishing a more agrarian community.
New Haven Colony: Founded by John Davenport and Theophilus Eaton in 1638, attempted a new Puritanism experiment; suffered decline and was absorbed into Connecticut in 1665.

Roger Williams: Exiled from Massachusetts and founded Providence in 1636; negotiated land with Narragansett sachems.
Constitutional Foundation: Established policies for religious and political freedom; did not maintain a governor, preferred a president and council system.
Diverse Refuge: Attracted Jews, Quakers, and other persecuted groups, leading to laws against witchcraft trials and slavery.
Royal Charter: Granted in 1663, solidifying the colony's status.

Neglect from England: The regions between Virginia and New England were overlooked, with healthier climates and navigable rivers.
Dutch Colonial Expansion: Initiated New Netherlands with New Amsterdam on Manhattan in 1625 for fur trade security.
English Control: In 1664, England took over New Netherland, renaming it New York. The tensions between various ethnic groups continued throughout the 18th century.

Duke of York's Holdings: The area divided between East and West Jersey.
William Penn's Pennsylvania: Founded with ideals of a “colony of Heaven” planning for diverse inhabitants and religious freedom, especially for Quakers.
Anti-Slavery Movement: Early resistance against slavery by Quakers in Germantown in 1688 prompted abolitionist discussions.

Carolina's Establishment: Colony was established to pay political debts and strengthen England’s coastal grip, modeled on Barbados.
Diverse Settlement: Grew quickly through incentives of land grants and religious tolerance.
Colonial Division: Emergence of North and South Carolina as distinct provinces due to authority struggles.

Pequot War (1637): Involved rivalry over fur and wampum trade; resulted in significant violence and decimation of Pequot population.
King Philip’s War (1675-1676): Resulted from escalating tensions between Native Americans and English settlers, ending Native American military power in New England.
Bacon’s Rebellion (1676): Highlighted tensions between class, landowners, and Native populations in Virginia, resulting from discontent among frontier settlers.

Impact of Wars: Resulted in drastic declines in Indigenous populations, loss of lands, and increased animosity towards Native communities.
Economic and Military Shifts: Shifted dynamics in colonial military strategies, reliance on Native alliances in conflicts evolving throughout the period.

Growth in Political Participation: Led to more egalitarian structures and governance; moved from aristocratic to more merit-based society.
Institution of the Bill of Rights: Part of several new state constitutions, emphasizing individual liberties.
Women’s Role: Women assumed greater responsibilities early in the Revolution, yet did not achieve legal equality; they became critical within the societal structures, often serving as “republican mothers.”
Impact on Loyalists: Those loyal to Britain and forced into exile faced significant economic and social burdens.

End of Mercantilism: The Revolution dismantled prior economic constraints imposed by Britain, prompting domestic production and opening new markets.
Manufacturing Growth: Shift towards self-sufficiency in manufacturing as reliance on British imports lessened.

Territorial Claims: The expansion of settlements and governments hostile to Native claims post-Revolution expanded westward migration.

The establishment of British North America marked a dramatic transformation influenced by a mélange of religious, economic, and political motivations, alongside conflict, ultimately paving the way for the United States' eventual emergence as an independent nation.