1. What are the insertion and origin points on muscle?  Know definitions.  Know examples we discussed in class!

Attachment of a muscle’s tendon to the stationary bone = Origin (proximal location)

Attachment of the muscle’s other tendon to the movable bone = insertion (distal location)

2. Lever systems and leverage.  Know the definitions of lever, fulcrum, load, effort.

Fulcrum fixed point

Effort muscle contracting

Lever-load and resistance (bones act as levers)

1. Effort – force exerted by muscular contraction and causes movement

2.  Load or resistance – weight of body part that is moved or resisting that movement

3. What are the 3 types of lever systems.  Define each and know examples of each.  Which lever system is the most common in the human body?

4. 1^st class lever systems (either) Head resting on vertebral column

 2^nd class lever systems- (mechanical advantage) – load is in between effort and fulcrum

 3^rd class lever systems- (most common) load is farther away and effort is closer to fulcrum (mechanical disadvantage) (TMJ-Jaw )

5.     What is mechanical advantage?

 If load is closer to fulcrum and effort is farther from fulcrum, then only a small effort is needed to move a large load over a small distance (mechanical advantage)

6.   How does load and effort play a role?   

The load is what you want to lift , and effort is the force you exert to lift it

7. What is the relationship between force and speed?

Muscles cannot provide great force AND greater range of motion – it’s one or the other (mechanical tradeoff

Advantage and disadvantage distance between the fulcrum and load and the point at which an effort is applied

8. Arrangement of fascicles (parallel, fusiform, circular, triangular, pennate: unipennate, bipennate, multipennate).  Know definitions .  Which ones provide more power?  More range of motion? 

a.     Pennate- greater power – smaller range of motion

b.     Parallel – greater range of. Motion but less power

9. Definitions for the following: prime mover/agonist, antagonist, synergist, fixator, compartment.  What are examples of each? 

9. Prime mover/agonist – leader, contracts to cause an action

10. antagonist– other muscle stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover (against prime mover)

ex: flexing forearm at elbow: biceps prime mover (contracts)  triceps are antagonist (stretch)

c.     synergist – most movements also involve muscles

                                               i.     Sometimes prime mover crosses other joints before it reaches joint at which primary action occurs

                                             ii.     Biceps brachii spans both shoulder and elbow joints (primary action on forearm)

                                           iii.     Synergists – prevent unwanted movements at intermediate joints and aid in movement of prime mover

                                            iv.     Located close to prime mover

                                             v.     Ex of synergist Muscles that flex the fingers (prime mover) cross the intercarpal and radiocarpal joints (intermediate joints; joint between radius and carpals) you would not be able to flex your fingers without flexing your wrist at same time

d.     Fixators – synergist muscles - Some synergist muscles in a group act as fixators

                                               i.      stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that it can act more efficiently

                                             ii.      steady proximal end of limb while movement occurs at distal end

                                           iii.     EX:

                                            iv.     Scapula is freely movable bone that serves as origin for several muscles that move arm

                                             v.     When arm muscles contract, the scapula must be held steady

e.     Compartment- A comparmentis a group of skeletal muscles, their associated blood vessels, and associated nerves

                                               i.     All of which have a common function

                                             ii.     In upper forelimbs, flexor compartment muscles are anterior

                                           iii.     Extensor compartment muscles are posterior (top of forearm)

10. How are skelet al muscles named? (hint: there are 7 ways in your lecture notes)  Be able to identify position of muscles based on the names.   Suffixes?  What do they mean?  Table 11.2!  For example, what does “rectus” mean?  Orbicularis?  Glossus?

Direction, size, shape, action, number of origin,, location, origin and insertion

·      Orbicularis – means that the fascicles are arranged in a circle

Oculi – refers to eye

Oris – refers to lips

·      Rectus – parallel to midline

·      -Glossus- tongue

11. What does intrinsic and extrinsic mean?  What are the extrinsic eye muscles?

Extrinsic s originates outside of where it inserts

Intrinsic originates and inserts in the same location

Extrinsic muscles

11.  Originate outside tongue and insert into it

12. Move entire tongue in various directions

13.  All names end in “glossus” (“glossus” means tongue)

14. Named by origin and insertion (ex. Palatoglossus; raises back of tongue)

 Intrinsic muscles

11.  Originate and insert within tongue

12.  Alter shape of the tongue rather than move the entire tongue

Extrinsic eye muscles- muscles outside eye

12. Which abdominal muscle is the most important muscle that powers breathing?

diaphragm

13. Muscles that act on the digits are divided into extrinsic and intrinsic muscles.  Where do extrinsic muscles originate and insert?  What about intrinsic?

Extrinsic muscles – located in the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm. They control crude movements and produce a forceful grip. Intrinsic muscles – located within the hand itself. They are responsible for the fine motor functions of the hand