fsn 2

Here are your flashcards:

Front: Nutritional Assessment
Back: The evaluation of an individual's dietary intake, body measurements, biochemical tests, and clinical indicators to determine their nutritional status.

Front: Anthropometric
Back: Measurement of the physical dimensions and composition of the body, such as weight, height, BMI, and skinfold thickness.

Front: Weight
Back: A key anthropometric measurement used to assess nutritional status and health.

Front: Height
Back: Used to determine BMI and assess growth in children and adolescents.

Front: BMI (Body Mass Index)
Back: A calculation using height and weight to assess body fat and categorize individuals as underweight, normal, overweight, or obese.

Front: MUAC (Middle Upper Arm Circumference) Wristband
Back: A simple tool to assess malnutrition, especially in children, by measuring arm circumference.

Front: Skin Fold Tests
Back: A method to estimate body fat by measuring the thickness of skinfolds at different body sites.

Front: Biochemical Analysis
Back: Laboratory tests used to assess nutrient levels and overall health status.

Front: Blood Test
Back: Measures nutrient levels, glucose, cholesterol, and other markers of health.

Front: Urinalysis/Stool
Back: Tests to detect infections, nutrient deficiencies, and digestive disorders.

Front: Micronutrients
Back: Essential vitamins and minerals needed in small amounts for body functions.

Front: Hemoglobin
Back: A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen; low levels indicate anemia.

Front: Parasites
Back: Organisms that live in or on a host and can cause nutritional deficiencies and infections.

Front: Clinical Examination
Back: A physical assessment of a person's health and nutritional status.

Front: History
Back: A review of past medical and dietary habits to assess nutritional risk.

Front: Head-to-Toe Review
Back: A thorough clinical assessment to detect signs of malnutrition or disease.

Front: Dietary Surveys
Back: Methods to collect information on food intake and eating habits.

Front: Qualitative Data
Back: Non-numerical information used to assess dietary patterns and food choices.

Front: Ratio of Body Composition
Back: The proportion of water, fat, minerals, and protein in the body.

Front: Water - 55-65%
Back: The percentage of body composition made up of water.

Front: Fat - 20-30%
Back: The body's stored energy source and essential for cell function.

Front: Minerals - 5.5-6%
Back: Essential for bone health, enzyme function, and other processes.

Front: Protein - 14-16%
Back: Needed for growth, repair, and maintaining body functions.

Front: Starvation
Back: A condition caused by extreme lack of food or inability to absorb nutrients.

Front: Pathological Condition
Back: A disorder resulting from disease or malnutrition.

Front: Clinical Features of Starvation
Back: Thin, dry skin, muscle weakness, hair loss, and swelling.

Front: Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
Back: A spectrum of malnutrition conditions caused by inadequate protein and calorie intake.

Front: Mild to Moderate PEM
Back: Includes wasting (low weight for height) and stunting (low height for age).

Front: Severe PEM
Back: Includes Kwashiorkor and Marasmus.

Front: Kwashiorkor
Back: Protein deficiency with sufficient calories; causes swollen liver and belly.

Front: Marasmus
Back: Severe deficiency of all nutrients and calories; leads to extreme weight loss.

Front: PEM Treatment & Recovery
Back: Includes diet, rehydration, and medical care.

Front: Obesity
Back: A complex medical condition characterized by excessive body fat, influenced by genetic and environmental factors.

Front: Chronic Diseases Related to Obesity
Back: Includes heart disease, diabetes, stroke, and cancers.

Front: Malnutrition/Infection Synergism
Back: The interaction between malnutrition and infection that worsens health outcomes.

Front: Immune System
Back: The body's defense against infections and diseases.

Front: Acquired Immunity
Back: The immune system's ability to remember and fight specific infections.

Front: Innate Immunity
Back: The body's natural barriers against infection, such as skin and stomach acid.

Front: Organs of the Immune System
Back: Includes lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, bone marrow, and others.

Front: Vaccination/Immunization
Back: The process of administering vaccines to protect against diseases.

Front: Live Attenuated Virus Vaccine
Back: Contains a weakened form of the virus to stimulate immunity without causing illness.

Front: Hookworm
Back: A parasite transmitted through walking barefoot; causes anemia and malnutrition.

Front: Tuberculosis (TB)
Back: A bacterial infection causing prolonged cough, chest pain, and weight loss.

Front: Malaria
Back: A mosquito-borne disease causing fever, chills, and anemia.

Front: Folate Deficiency
Back: Leads to fatigue, mouth sores, and impacts African countries.

Front: Iron Deficiency
Back: Causes fatigue, pale skin, and irritability.

Front: Zinc Deficiency
Back: Leads to immune dysfunction, weight loss, and skin issues.

Front: Vitamin A Deficiency
Back: Causes night blindness, dry skin, and increased infections.

Front: Measles
Back: A contagious airborne disease with fever, cough, and white spots inside cheeks.

Front: HIV/AIDS
Back: A virus transmitted through sexual contact; progresses to AIDS if immune system declines.

Front: Guinea Worm Disease
Back: Caused by consuming unfiltered water containing the parasite.

Here are flashcards based on your document:

Front: What is iodine deficiency?
Back: A condition caused by insufficient iodine intake, leading to thyroid dysfunction.

Front: What are common causes of iodine deficiency?
Back:

• Low dietary intake (regions with iodine-deficient soil)

• Lack of iodized salt

• Goitrogenic foods (soy, cabbage) interfering with absorption

• Increased iodine needs (pregnant/breastfeeding women)

• Intestinal parasites affecting metabolism

Front: What parasite can impair iodine metabolism?
Back: Fasciola hepatica (a liver fluke) affects the liver and thyroid hormone conversion.

Front: What are symptoms of iodine deficiency?
Back:

• Goiter (enlarged thyroid gland)

• Hypothyroidism (fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin)

• Cognitive impairment (poor concentration, developmental delays)

• Cretinism (intellectual disability in infants)

• Increased risk of stillbirth/miscarriage in pregnancy

Front: Who is at high risk for iodine deficiency?
Back:

• Pregnant and breastfeeding women

• Infants and children

• People in iodine-deficient regions

• Vegetarians and vegans

Front: What are some consequences of iodine deficiency?
Back:

• Anemia

• Impaired immunity

• Heart and pregnancy complications

• Increased risk of cancer

• Social and work-related impacts

Front: How is iodine deficiency treated?
Back:

• Iodine supplements

• Dietary adjustments (iodized salt, iodine-rich foods)

• Addressing underlying conditions

Front: How can iodine deficiency be prevented?
Back:

• Eating iodine-rich foods

• Using iodized salt

• Regular health check-ups

• Treating underlying conditions

Front: What are good sources of iodine?
Back:

• Seafood (fish, seaweed)

• Dairy products

• Eggs

• Iodized salt

Here are flashcards based on the Vitamin A Deficiency document:

Front: What is Vitamin A?
Back: A fat-soluble vitamin, also known as Retinol, primarily stored in the liver. It maintains healthy vision, skin, immune function, and cell division.

Front: What are the main causes of Vitamin A deficiency?
Back:

• Insufficient dietary intake

• Liver diseases that impair storage

Front: What are common symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency?
Back:

• Dry skin

• Night blindness, dry eyes

• Delayed growth

• Increased risk of throat/chest infections

• Poor wound healing

Front: Which groups are most at risk for Vitamin A deficiency?
Back:

• Infants & children (needed for growth and development)

• Pregnant & breastfeeding mothers (needed for fetal development and breastmilk supply)

• People in developing countries (due to malnutrition and poverty)

Front: How many children suffer from Vitamin A deficiency?
Back:

• 250,000-500,000 children worldwide become blind annually

• 190 million children under age 5 in Southeast Asia and Africa suffer from deficiency

Front: What are severe consequences of Vitamin A deficiency?
Back:

• Nyctalopia (Night blindness): Retinal disorder causing difficulty seeing in the dark

• Xerophthalmia: Dry, tearless eyes due to lack of Vitamin A

• Skin conditions: Dry, scaly, and itchy skin

Front: What are long-term complications of Vitamin A deficiency?
Back:

• Increased susceptibility to infections (weakened immune system)

• Stunting in children (impaired growth and development)

• Infertility in women (affects reproductive health)

• Permanent blindness

Front: How can Vitamin A deficiency be treated?
Back:

• Vitamin A-rich foods: Eggs, carrots, beef liver

• Vitamin A supplements: Retinol drops, beta-carotene, palmitate

• Avoiding certain medications: Some weight loss drugs (e.g., Orlistat)

Front: Why is Vitamin A deficiency a major global health issue?
Back: It is the leading preventable cause of childhood blindness worldwide.

Here are flashcards based on the Zinc Deficiency document:

Front: What are the main causes of zinc deficiency?
Back:

• Dietary: Lack of zinc-rich foods (meat, fish, nuts, dairy)

• Malnutrition

• Chronic illnesses: Diabetes, liver disease, sickle cell disease

• Poor absorption: Gastrointestinal disorders

• Increased requirements: Pregnancy, breastfeeding, growth spurts, high-intensity exercise

Front: What are common symptoms of zinc deficiency?
Back:

• Immune system issues: Frequent infections, slow wound healing, fatigue

• Skin and hair problems: Dry/rough skin, acne, eczema, hair loss

• Taste and smell issues: Loss of appetite

• Growth and development issues: Stunting, delayed puberty, weight loss

Front: Which groups are most at risk for zinc deficiency?
Back:

• Elderly adults: Increased risk with age (31% of adults over 60 in Europe are zinc deficient)

• Infants: 36.5% of males and 47.3% of females aged 0-4 affected

• Vegetarians/Vegans: Higher phytate and oxalate intake reduces zinc absorption

Front: What are common consequences of zinc deficiency?
Back:

• Hair loss

• Frequent infections (acute and chronic)

• Slow-healing wounds

Front: What are severe consequences of zinc deficiency?
Back:

• Skin conditions: Acrodermatitis, enteropathica, cheilitis, dermatitis

• Growth failure

Front: How can zinc deficiency be treated?
Back:

• Supplements: Zinc, multivitamins

• Cold remedies

• Reduce zinc inhibitors (phytates)

• Severe cases: Intravenous zinc

• Consultation with a dietitian

Front: How is zinc deficiency diagnosed?
Back: Blood test

Front: How can zinc deficiency be prevented?
Back:

• Eating zinc-rich foods (meat, fish, nuts, seeds, dairy)

• Following balanced nutrition

Front: Is zinc deficiency curable?
Back: Yes, with proper diet and supplementation.

Front: Which of the following is a good source of zinc?
Back: D) Chickpeas

Here are some flashcards based on the presentation you uploaded:

Flashcard 1
Q: What is iron?
A: An essential nutrient that must be obtained through diet and helps produce hemoglobin to carry oxygen in the bloodstream.

Flashcard 2
Q: What is iron deficiency?
A: A condition where there is insufficient iron in the body, leading to anemia and low red blood cell count.

Flashcard 3
Q: What are common causes of iron deficiency?
A: Low iron diets, body changes (like pregnancy), GI tract blood loss, and malabsorption issues.

Flashcard 4
Q: What are some symptoms of iron deficiency?
A: Fatigue, tachycardia, irritability, pale skin, sore/swollen tongue, enlarged spleen, and pica.

Flashcard 5
Q: What populations are most at risk for iron deficiency?
A: Older adults, undernourished individuals, those with chronic GI or autoimmune disorders, vegans, vegetarians, pregnant women, and certain ethnicities prone to hereditary anemia.

Flashcard 6
Q: What are the potential consequences of untreated iron deficiency anemia?
A: Fatigue, dizziness, heart problems, restless leg syndrome, pica, and pregnancy complications.

Flashcard 7
Q: What are the treatment options for iron deficiency?
A: Oral iron supplements, iron infusions, iron-rich diets, and medications like erythropoiesis-stimulating agents.

Flashcard 8
Q: What are side effects of iron treatments?
A: Constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.

Here are some flashcards based on the Folate Deficiency presentation:

Flashcard 1
Q: What is folate deficiency?
A: A condition where the body has insufficient folate, essential for DNA synthesis, red blood cell production, and preventing anemia.

Flashcard 2
Q: What are the primary causes of folate deficiency?
A: Low intake of fresh fruits and vegetables, health conditions like Celiac disease, and certain medications.

Flashcard 3
Q: What are common symptoms of folate deficiency?
A: Fatigue, gray hair, mouth sores, tongue swelling, weakness, and irritability.

Flashcard 4
Q: Which populations are most impacted by folate deficiency?
A: Lower-income communities, pregnant women, and regions with high prevalence in African countries.

Flashcard 5
Q: What are the consequences of untreated folate deficiency?
A: Infertility, cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurological changes (memory loss, ataxia, peripheral neuropathy), and pregnancy complications (neural tube defects, low birth weight, premature birth).

Flashcard 6
Q: What are the treatment options for folate deficiency?
A: Balanced diet with folate-rich foods, folic acid supplements (400-800 micrograms daily), and addressing underlying conditions like malabsorption.

Flashcard 7
Q: How does alcohol affect folate levels?
A: Excessive alcohol intake interferes with folate absorption and metabolism, increasing deficiency risk.

Flashcard 8
Q: What are some foods rich in folate?
A: Dark leafy greens (spinach, kale), citrus fruits (oranges, lemons), and legumes (beans, lentils).

Here are some flashcards based on the Hookworm presentation:

Flashcard 1
Q: What is hookworm?
A: A parasitic worm that lives in the small intestine and can infect humans through contaminated food, water, or soil.

Flashcard 2
Q: How do humans get infected by hookworms?
A: By ingesting larvae in contaminated food or water, or by larvae burrowing through the skin from contaminated soil or animal feces.

Flashcard 3
Q: What are common symptoms of hookworm infection?
A: Itchy entry site, abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, anemia, and slowed cognitive & physical growth in children.

Flashcard 4
Q: Who is most at risk of hookworm infection?
A: Rural populations, children, people in warm, moist climates, those with poor sanitation and hygiene, and people walking barefoot.

Flashcard 5
Q: What are the common treatments for hookworm infection?
A: Anthelmintic medications (Mebendazole, Albendazole), iron supplements for anemia, and maintaining good hygiene.

Flashcard 6
Q: What are potential consequences if hookworm infection is untreated?
A: Malnutrition, severe anemia, and health complications due to long-term infection.

Flashcard 7
Q: How can hookworm infections be prevented?
A: Proper hygiene, wearing shoes, avoiding contact with contaminated soil, and improving sanitation.

Flashcard 8
Q: What is "Creeping Eruption"?
A: The visible trail left on the skin by larval hookworms as they burrow through the flesh.

Here are some flashcards based on the document:

Front: What is the causative agent of tuberculosis?
Back: Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Front: How does tuberculosis spread?
Back: Through the air via speaking, coughing, and can stay in the air for hours.

Front: What are the primary symptoms of tuberculosis?
Back: Prolonged cough (sometimes with blood), chest pain, weakness, fatigue, fever, weight loss, and night sweats.

Front: What parts of the body can tuberculosis affect besides the lungs?
Back: Kidneys, brain, spine, and skin.

Front: Which groups are most affected by tuberculosis?
Back: Asian (30%), African American (17.6%), and Hispanic (36.8%) populations.

Front: What are some risk factors for tuberculosis?
Back: Diabetes, cancer, HIV, working in correctional facilities, homelessness, malnutrition, and travel to high-TB areas.

Front: What are the consequences of untreated tuberculosis?
Back: Lung collapse, fluid buildup, weakened metabolism, reduced immune function, and potential death.

Front: Name a key drug used to treat tuberculosis and its mechanism.
Back: Isoniazid – a pro-drug that inhibits mycolic acid production, weakening the TB cell wall.

Front: How does Rifabutin help in treating tuberculosis?
Back: Blocks RNA polymerase, preventing the bacteria from making essential proteins.

Front: What does Ethambutol do in tuberculosis treatment?
Back: Blocks arabinosyltransferase, preventing bacterial cell wall formation.

Here are some flashcards based on the Measles presentation:

Front: What causes measles?
Back: Measles is caused by a highly contagious virus that spreads through respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes.

Front: What are the early symptoms of measles?
Back: High fever, runny nose, cough, red watery eyes, and small white spots inside the cheeks (Koplik spots).

Front: What is the rash progression in measles?
Back: Begins on the face and neck, spreads to hands and feet, lasts 5–6 days before fading.

Front: What are common complications of measles?
Back: Blindness, brain inflammation (encephalitis), severe diarrhea, dehydration, ear infections, pneumonia.

Front: Which groups are most at risk for severe measles complications?
Back: Infants and young children, adults over 20, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals.

Front: How does measles affect pregnant women?
Back: It can cause premature labor, low birth weight, and maternal death.

Front: What is Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)?
Back: A rare but fatal degenerative disease of the central nervous system that can occur years after measles infection.

Front: How is measles prevented?
Back: The MMR vaccine (97% effective with two doses), handwashing, sanitizing surfaces, and avoiding infected individuals.

Front: Is there a cure for measles?
Back: No specific cure. Treatment includes self-care (rest, fluids, humidifier), fever reducers (acetaminophen, NSAIDs), antibiotics for secondary infections, and Vitamin A supplementation.

Here are some flashcards based on the Malaria presentation:

Front: What causes malaria?
Back: Malaria is caused by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito, which transmits the Plasmodium parasite.

Front: What are the five main species of Plasmodium that cause malaria?
Back:

1. Plasmodium falciparum

2. Plasmodium vivax

3. Plasmodium ovale

4. Plasmodium malariae

5. Plasmodium knowlesi

Front: How does malaria spread in humans?
Back: The parasite enters the bloodstream, infects red blood cells, multiplies in the liver, and spreads throughout the body.

Front: What are the common symptoms of malaria?
Back: Fever, chills, sweating, and anemia, usually appearing 10-15 days after infection.

Front: What are severe symptoms of malaria?
Back: Extreme fatigue, impaired consciousness, convulsions, difficulty breathing, jaundice, dark urine, and abnormal bleeding.

Front: Which groups are most vulnerable to malaria?
Back:

• Young children under 5

• Pregnant women

• People with compromised immune systems (HIV/AIDS)

• Non-immune travelers to high-malaria regions

Front: What are severe complications of malaria?
Back:

• Cerebral malaria (brain swelling and damage)

• Pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs)

• Organ failure (kidneys, liver, spleen)

• Anemia and low blood sugar

• Malaria relapse

Front: What are the main treatments for malaria?
Back: Prescription drugs vary based on parasite type and severity, including:

• Primaquine phosphate

• Chloroquine phosphate (only where resistance is low)

• Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs)

• Atovaquone-proguanil

• Quinine sulfate with doxycycline

Front: How can severe malaria be treated?
Back: Patients with severe malaria require immediate intravenous (IV) antimalarial therapy.

Front: How can malaria be prevented?
Back:

• Use insect repellent and bed nets

• Take antimalarial medication when traveling to high-risk areas

• Reduce mosquito breeding sites

• Get early diagnosis and treatment

Here are some flashcards based on the HIV presentation:

Front: What is HIV?
Back: HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a chronic condition that attacks the immune system, specifically CD4 cells.

Front: How is HIV transmitted?
Back: Through sexual contact, shared needles, infected blood, and from parent to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

Front: How does HIV NOT spread?
Back: Through casual contact (hugging, kissing, dancing, shaking hands), air, water, insect bites, or donating blood.

Front: When does HIV become AIDS?
Back: When the CD4 T cell count falls below 200, leading to severe immune system decline.

Front: What are the symptoms of acute HIV infection?
Back: Fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, rash, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, diarrhea, weight loss, cough, and night sweats.

Front: What happens in the chronic (latent) stage of HIV?
Back: HIV remains in white blood cells without symptoms, but the virus is still active and can spread.

Front: What are symptoms of symptomatic HIV infection?
Back: Fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, diarrhea, pneumonia, oral yeast infection, shingles.

Front: What are opportunistic infections in AIDS?
Back: Serious infections that occur due to a weakened immune system, such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, and fungal infections.

Front: Which groups are at higher risk of HIV?
Back:

• Gay and bisexual men

• People who inject drugs

• Those with multiple sexual partners

• Individuals with limited access to healthcare

Front: What are the consequences of HIV/AIDS?
Back:

• Weak immune system

• Higher risk of infections and cancer

• Wasting syndrome (severe weight loss)

• Neurological disorders

Front: How is HIV treated?
Back:

• Antiretroviral therapy (ART)

• Combination of medications to prevent virus multiplication

• Helps maintain CD4 cell levels and prevents AIDS

Front: Can HIV be cured?
Back: No, but ART can control the virus and allow individuals to live healthy lives.

Front: Why does stopping ART treatment lead to HIV rebounding?
Back: HIV can remain dormant in "reservoirs" in the body, such as the brain, lymph nodes, and gut.

Here are some flashcards based on the Guinea Worm presentation:

Front: What causes Guinea worm disease?
Back: Drinking unfiltered or untreated water containing infected water fleas (copepods) that carry Dracunculus medinensis larvae.

Front: How long does the Guinea worm life cycle take?
Back: About 10-14 months from infection to the emergence of the adult female worm.

Front: What happens after a person ingests infected water fleas?
Back: The fleas are digested, but the Guinea worm larvae are released into the small intestine, where they penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate through the body.

Front: Where does the female Guinea worm migrate in the body?
Back: After about a year, the fertilized female worm moves to the skin's surface, usually in the lower limbs, forming a painful blister.

Front: How does the Guinea worm exit the body?
Back: The worm secretes a toxic substance, creating a blister. When the person immerses the blister in water, the worm ruptures and releases larvae into the water.

Front: What are common symptoms of Guinea worm disease?
Back:

• Painful blisters

• Fever

• Swelling and itching

• Joint pain

• Can be asymptomatic for the first year

Front: Who is most affected by Guinea worm disease?
Back: People relying on subsistence agriculture, such as farmers and herders, mainly in Angola, Chad, Ethiopia, Mali, and South Sudan.

Front: What are the consequences of Guinea worm disease?
Back:

• Permanent disabilities

• Joint deformities and contractures

• Infections like cellulitis, sepsis, pleurisy, and pancreatitis

• Spinal cord compression

Front: Is there a drug treatment for Guinea worm disease?
Back: No, the only treatment is manually removing the adult worm by slowly pulling it out once it emerges from the skin.

Front: How can Guinea worm disease be prevented?
Back:

• Filtering drinking water

• Using treated water sources

• Breaking the transmission cycle by preventing infected individuals from entering water sources