Progressive Era & Industrial Revolution - Vocabulary Flashcards

• The Industrial Revolution: key ideas and social structure (Page 5)

  • Effects on class structure

  • High Society:

    • Built grand homes in the style of European manors.

    • Increasing demand for servants to maintain lifestyle.

  • Middle-class Gentility:

    • Included doctors, lawyers, engineers, merchants, teachers, etc.

    • Moved out of the central city to “streetcar suburbs” to buy bigger homes and have a servant.

  • Working Class:

    • Lived in tenements (poorly constructed apartments).

    • If possible, rented space to a border to supplement income.

  • Working Class Gentility (note: term appears as “Working Class Gentility HS” in the transcript; interpret as the middle-to-working-class tension in the era).

• Problems in society during the era (Page 6)

  • Crime & Pollution

  • Pollution became a major problem in cities due to factories.

  • Minor criminals thrived in crowded cities.

  • Alcohol contributed to crime.

  • Machine Politics

  • A political machine is an informal group designed to gain/keep power.

  • Party bosses ran machines and provided necessities to people who would vote for the machine.

• The Gilded Age (Page 7)

  • Overlap with Progressive Era; gilded = appearance of glamour masking corruption.

  • Coined by Mark Twain; describes a time of a widening gap between rich and poor, and corruption.

  • Core ideas:

  • Individualism: rise in society possible from talent and effort regardless of origins.

  • Social Darwinism: belief in “survival of the fittest” in society.

• Warmup: political problem-solving exercise (Page 8)

  • Prompt: Think about two issues from the Industrial Revolution (pollution, overcrowding, alcohol abuse, crime, etc.). If you were a politician, how would you address these issues?

  • After answering: fetch binders and a notes paper from the bookcase.

• Progressive Era goals and reform context (Pages 9–10)

  • Goals and participants

  • The progressive movement attracted middle-class citizens (writers, teachers, scholars).

  • Sought to cure social problems caused by industrialization; included many social reform movements called SOCIAL REFORM.

  • Three core goals of the Progressive Movement:

  • ext{Goal 1:} Aimed to return control of the government to the people.

  • ext{Goal 2:} Restore economic opportunities.

  • ext{Goal 3:} Correct injustices in American life.

• Muckrakers and expose journalism (Page 11)

  • Top muckrakers and works

  • Upton Sinclair – The Jungle

  • Jacob Riis – How The Other Half Lives

  • Ida Tarbell – History of the Standard Oil Company

  • Purpose and impact

  • Muckrakers exposed unsafe conditions faced by factory workers (including women & children).

• Review of muckrakers and reforms (Page 12)

  • Prompted students to consider reforms inspired by Tarbell and Riis; use notes/Slides for guidance.

  • Encouraged considering other societal issues beyond crime, pollution, overcrowding.

  • Homework and organization reminders.

• Political reforms: how muckraking led to policy changes (Page 13)

  • Concept: the work of muckrakers caused a trickle-down effect of positive political reforms.

  • Upton Sinclair – The Jungle

  • Pure Food Act (1906): Prevented sale of adulterated or misbranded food.

  • Meat Inspection Act (1906): Ensures meats are slaughtered and processed under regulated sanitary conditions.

  • Bureau of Chemistry (FDA): Protects public health by ensuring safety of food, medicine, cosmetics.

  • Jacob Riis – How The Other Half Lives

  • Tenement House Acts: Required outward-facing windows, indoor plumbing, and fire safeguards to improve living conditions in tenements.

  • Ida Tarbell – History of the Standard Oil Company

  • Sherman Antitrust Act: Federal law designed to promote fair competition and prevent monopolistic practices.

• Helping the Poor and social gospel (Page 14)

  • Social Gospel: Movement to improve city conditions guided by biblical charity and justice.

  • Organizations and initiatives:

  • YMCA

  • Salvation Army

  • Settlement House Movement: Community centers offering aid (medical care, English classes, kindergartens, recreational programs).

  • Hull House (Jane Addams) in Chicago, opened in 1889.

• Progressive Presidents and leadership (Pages 15–19)

  • Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt: 1901–1908

  • The Progressive Party; became president after McKinley’s assassination.

  • Square Deal: domestic program focusing on consumer protection, conservation, and control of corporations; mediates 1902 coal miners’ strike.

  • “Trustbuster”: aggressive stance against big business.

  • Hepburn Act: Gave the ICC power to set maximum railroad rates and extend jurisdiction.

  • Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act: federal consumer protections.

  • Conservation: 200 million acres of land set aside for conservation.

  • Note: term often shortened as “Square Deal,” strong emphasis on reform, regulation, and natural resource protection.

  • William Howard Taft: 1909–1913

  • Republican; known for trust busting and tariffs.

  • Achievements and limits: unable to accomplish many of his broader aims; successful in passing the 16th Amendment.

    • 16^{ ext{th}} ext{ Amendment} (income tax authority for Congress).

  • Mann–Elkins Act: ICC authority to impose heavy fines on railroads offering rebates.

  • Payne–Aldrich Tariff: tariff act signed by Taft that aimed to lower tariffs but resulted in higher import rates.

  • Woodrow Wilson: 1913–1921

  • Democrat; won the Election of 1912 in a three-way race against Roosevelt and Taft.

  • Presidency marked by further progressive reforms and, later, World War I leadership.

• Timeline and key political context (Pages 18–19)

  • Election of 1912: Roosevelt vs Taft vs Wilson; Wilson won.

  • Wilson's presidency and party alignment: Democrat Party.

• Notable quotes and inspiration (Page 21)

  • Theodore Roosevelt: “The more you know about the past, the better prepared you are for the future.”

• Miscellaneous/template content (Pages 24–42)

  • Key numbers and planetary slides (not directly related to Progressive Era content):

  • Jupiter and Neptune slide prompts include numbers such as:

    • 213{,}471 and 4{,}366 (context appears to be planetary statistics from a template).

  • Topic prompts about presenting and organizing ideas (Pages 25–26):

  • Emphasis on clear lists and logical structure for points.

  • Examples of simple, organized lists that help audience understanding.

  • Planetary and discovery content (Pages 27–42):

  • Series of slides listing planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth’s Moon features not fully consistent in transcript).

  • Some slides describe planets as “largest,” “smallest,” etc., and mention the invention of the telephone as a separate item (likely template content).

  • Colonial America and early United States content (Pages 31–33):

  • List of American colonies by region (New England, Middle, Southern) with states.

  • Questions like “Which are the American colonies?”

  • Timeline and constitution references (Pages 34–36):

  • Timeline and references to 1492, 1776, 1787, 1861, etc., with Jupiter, Mercury, Mars, Venus, Neptune mentions.

  • The Constitution slide includes notes about Mercury as the smallest planet and Sun proximity.

  • Civil War content and key people (Pages 36–38):

  • Mentions key figures (Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, Clara Barton, Kit Carson, Jefferson Davis, Ulysses S. Grant).

  • Discusses planets as symbolic or spatial prompts within a template.

  • Thanksgiving and other template slides (Pages 39–41):

  • Mentions Thanksgiving participants and planetary references.

  • Slide template acknowledgments and credits (Pages 50–57):

  • Credits Slidesgo, Flaticon, Freepik; usage rights and restrictions for template content.

  • Replacement image instructions and mockups (Pages 47–49):

  • Guidance on replacing images in slides.

  • Miscellaneous (Pages 52–72):

  • Resources, icons, and various template blocks; emphasis on customization and attribution.

• Connections, implications, and broader context

  • Progressive Era in context

  • Built upon the reforms spurred by the Industrial Revolution, addressing urbanization, working conditions, sanitation, and political corruption.

  • Muckraking journalism linked public awareness to policy changes (Pure Food Act, Meat Inspection Act, Antitrust actions).

  • The era featured a shift toward the government playing a more active role in regulating the economy and protecting citizens.

  • Ethical and practical implications

  • Balancing regulation with economic growth; addressing corruption while expanding government oversight.

  • Settlement houses and the Social Gospel reflect a moral emphasis on charitable reforms and civic responsibility.

  • Real-world relevance

  • Early 20th-century reforms laid groundwork for modern regulatory agencies (FDA, antitrust enforcement, consumer protections).

  • The era demonstrates how journalism and public opinion can drive policy changes.

• Summary of major figures and key acts (quick reference)

  • Muckrakers:

  • Upton Sinclair – The Jungle

  • Jacob Riis – How The Other Half Lives

  • Ida Tarbell – History of the Standard Oil Company

  • Key reforms and acts:

  • Pure Food Act (1906): 1906

  • Meat Inspection Act (1906): 1906

  • FDA (Bureau of Chemistry) – public health protection

  • Sherman Antitrust Act – competition and anti-monopoly

  • Progressive Presidents and policies:

  • Theodore Roosevelt – Square Deal; Hepburn Act; conservation; trust-busting

  • William Taft – 16th Amendment (income tax); Mann–Elkins Act; Payne–Aldrich Tariff

  • Woodrow Wilson – 1912 election victory; expansion of progressive reforms

• Note on template content

  • Several slides are part of a general slides template (e.g., planetary science, mind maps, credits); these are not core to the Progressive Era content but are present in the transcript. Treat them as ancillary or background materials and focus notes primarily on the Progressive Era content when studying for the exam.

• Quick study tips drawn from the transcript

  • Use the three Progressive Era goals to frame essay answers:

  • ext{Goal 1: return government to the people}

  • ext{Goal 2: restore economic opportunities}

  • ext{Goal 3: correct injustices in American life}

  • Remember the cause–effect chain for muckrakers to reforms:

  • ext{Upton Sinclair}
    ightarrow ext{Pure Food Act, Meat Inspection Act, FDA}

  • ext{Jacob Riis}
    ightarrow ext{Tenement House Acts (windows, plumbing, fire safety)}

  • ext{Ida Tarbell}
    ightarrow ext{Sherman Antitrust Act enforcement}

• Important dates to memorize

  • Roosevelt presidency: 1901-1908

  • Taft presidency: 1909-1913

  • Wilson presidency: 1913-1921

  • Muckraker era reforms enacted: 1906 (Pure Food Act and Meat Inspection Act)

  • Hull House established: 1889

-Quotation and inspirational closing note

• “The more you know about the past, the better prepared you are for the future.” — Theodore Roosevelt

  • End of notes