Untitled Flashcards Set

1 2 4 6 

Reading involves brief notes and highlights

Historical context

-753 is the official founding of Rome +Kings

>Romulus and Remus have competing citie, Remus jumps over the wall and is killed

>fatricide is fundamental to the founding of Rome

>>Aeneid is obsessed with civil war

-Early stories dominated by civil war, fratricide, criminals, rape

>Rome becomes an assylum

>founded by criminals and outlaws

>require women, invite local Sabine’s, kidnap and rape them

-Roman republic product of a rape by a king

-Rome slowly dominates Italian peninsula though threatened by the Gallic

-146 BC is the highpoint of the republic

>Destruction of Carthage

>COnquest of corinth

>Horace “Captive Greece has conquered her rude ruler” Rome has become very influenced by Greek customs

-Roman republic begins to decline

>tremendous wealth from conquered countries

>new customs come to rome eg greek culture (return of theatre and Illiad)

>olligarchs by up land and get wealthier

(>poor move to city, overcrowding, and wealth gap is exacerbated

-123BC Gaius Gracchus proposes reforms to help the poor and is killed

-So big that the rich are very rich, can buy votes

-Caesar is assassinated)

Rome under Augustus

-Post civilwar

>Pupulation is low

>Romans question single man rule as it appears to be a return to kingship

>Very paranoid about Persians, Samaritans (people from the east)

>SO Augustus returns to the republic > roman values, takes his name, rural festivals, laws for morality, promotes art and religion

Maecenas acts as patron to ensure positive art

Virgil

-Famous roman authors arent born in rome

-Virgil was brought up in the countryside

>big focus of the Aeneid

-Biographer notes he was shy, called a virgin

-Moves to rome to study law, rhetoric philosophy

-Witnesses the end of the Republic

-37BC he publishes the Eclogues (pastoral poems about the rural idyll, bucolic)

The Georgics (I love the countryside, but references the fact that he will write the Aeneid)

-28BC writes Aeneid

-19BC dies

Virgil v Homer

-Homer is the father of Epic 

>Virgil is influenced by him

-Books 1-6 respond to Odyssey as both of their primary focus is a journey and on the sea

-Books 7-12 focus on conflict and is more reminiscent of the Illiad

-Female temptation (Ody by Circe and Calypso, Ae by Didio)

-Monsters, nekyia (meeting the dead)

-Hero kills his enemies in a rage having seen him wearing the armour of a close friend (Patroclus, Pallas)

-Turnus is the new Achilles and referred to as such

BUT no longer a world with the Homeric code or personal

Time Line

753 Foundation of Rome under Romulus

509 Kings removed (seven before, ending with Tarquinius Superbus as a result of raping the wife of a nobleman)

>Republic is founded

>Rome expands

265 conflict with africans 

>1st Punic war over sicily

210 2nd Punic War (Hanibal, cathiginian rides of alps with elephants and almost destroy rome)

>Romans win

150-46 3rd Punic War, they destroy carthage for good 

>Destruction of corinth

>Rome has defeated all of its enemies

>rome and its armies are too big (generals can take over)

88 Sulla is the first roman dictator who kills his enemies 

>shows romans ‘might is right’ impacts future thought

>Gallic war

50 Caesar makes a triumvirate (rome is ruled by Caesar, Pompey, Creciss)

>1st Civil war Caesar wins 

44 Caesar stabbed

>2nd Triumvirate (Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepodus)

>2nd Civil war

>culminates in the battle of actium

>Octavian is proclaimed Augustus

-31BC Rome is in chaos (when aenid being written)

>civil wars led to fragmentation

>cultural anxieties over what it means to be roman, who is roman, is being governed by a single person ok, can we escape the cycle of civil war, sexual conduct

-There is a debate over whether it functions to reflect anxieties (pessimistic harvard school of thought)

>he was not writing to praise Augustus or Rome but to hold a mirror to its corruption and imperialism

OR

 to satiate them (optimistic european school of thought)

>rome is incredible!!

Quotes

‘I sing of arms and man’

-First word establishes he is doing Illiad and Odyssey (Odyssey starts with discussion of a man, Iliad of the rage of men)

“Tell me muse the causes of her anger”

-Proem is an invocation of the muse

-Homeric custom

-Set out the theme- programmatic

-Hera has specific focus

>she is the divine adversary of Aeneis

-War is the central focus of an epic

-Anger (Furor) is a key theme

>both an internal force (driving us) and an external

>The storm in the first book is a symbol of anger, generated by Juno’s anger

>both divine and mortal

‘Fates to be an exile’

-question of how fate works

‘Why did she drive a man famous for such piety to such endless hardship and suffering’

-It appears contradictory that a pious (pietas, pius) man would witness the wrath of Gods

-Aeneis is referred to as pious by the narrator, others, and himself

-You can be dutiful to the gods, family, homeland (can be viewed as symbolising this throughout or not)

-Great juxtaposition between furor (chaos) and pietas

-Central tension clear

‘Found his city and carry his Gods into Latium’

-Two forms of pietas 

There was an ancient city [...] opposite italy

-Expectations for this to be of rome but immediately undermined

-is discussing Carthage

Intending to give it sovereignty over the people of the earth if only the fates would allow it

-Juno’s favortism is established, and her hatred of Rome from the gettgo

-Romans are aware of the inevitable failure

-Aeneis founds roman race

-Would expect a goddess to control fate- they clearly cannot change it but can slow it down and cause as much pain

>she hates them because she loves carthage

>upset about the trojan war there still rankled deep in her heart the judgement of Paris

>the fury at the honours done to Ganymede shes being cheated on with a Trojan youth

Steven Harrison Juno as a “soap opera bitch” 

>highly strung, emotional, chaos whore

So heavy was the cost of founding the Roman race

-Aeneis depicted as a stoic exeplam and pietas (dedicated to homeland) > europeanw

OR that it was possibly not worth it (glory of rome v many deaths) > Harvard 

Reminds the audience of recant wars, for the refounding of the republic

The trojans were in high spirits

-Juxtaposition between current and future state

-in media res

Will there be noone in the future to worship me?

-Juno feels disrespected by her fellow Gods (namely Athene who kills the greeks as they return because of the evils of little Ajax who rapes Cassanda- Gods will seek revenge)

-Juno cannot do the same to the trojans and can only make it hard

-Shes emotional, jealous, believes there is disparity

-She fears she will lose followers as tha carthaginians who are big followers will be destroy

-Juno is furor incarnate

-She wants to release the winds to cause havoc

Who knew how to hold them in check or when ordered to let them run with free reign

-Kings are positioned as bringing calm and order

-Signals Augustus will do the same post civil war

-Aeneas should follow this example

-He displays peitas, following Juno, BUT brings chaos- how good is he?

I shall make her yours and join you in lawful wedlock

-Juno bribes this good king

-The trade is sex for furor (sex leads to chaos and instaility)

-Augustus brough morality laws to fix this

82-90

-whenever the indefinite signals vastness

-analysis in book

Aeneas “Why could i not have fallen to your right hand”

-our epic hero appears winy and overly negative, wishing he was dead, doesnt feel homeric who often seek death to enhance glory

>he is an augustan hero

>later seen comforting men, much better

-Drowning scene- destruction, chaos, at the whims of Gods

-Neptune overrules cloud god as well, like Juno, clear hierarchy

-in opposition to juno, bringing calm

-example of Aeneas’ reliance on the help of the gods

As when disorder arises among the people of a great city [...] a man who has some weight among them

-civil war similie, Augustus positioned as a calming figure like the god kings

Page 7 backcloth, scene

-theatrical imagery suggests Aeneas is entering his own greek tragedy (Dido tragic heroine)

-’Book 4 is a greek tragedy’

Page 8

-Locus amoenus- pleasant place

>Virgil LOVES the countryside

Aeneas climbed a rock

-CARTOGRAPHIC IMPULSE

-impulse to assess the area by getting up high (hero thing)

220

He showed them the face of hope and kept his misery deep in his heart…Who loved his men, mourn himself the loss of eager…

• HARVARD underneath war leads to mourning, regardless of outward glory

• Consistent theme of Aeneas- he is outwardly supportive of living men 

• public glory v private suffering

Jupiter was looking down from the height of heaven on the sea

• Height reflects superiority

• parallels Ae earlier climbing 

What great harm has my son Aeneas been able to do to you etc

• ‘Why are you making this so hard for him’

• reiterates questions of the proemium

• reminiscent of Thetis (mother begging for the sake of the son)

• motherhood

the smile that clears the sky and dispels the storms

•  Jupiter is an emblem of anti-furor

Jupiter’s prophecy

• Success in warfare

• settle a city

• Referencing how Ascanius now receives the second name Iulus - Julius Caesar ref- same with calling Romulus mum Ilia (clear link between Illium and Rome)

• On them i impose no limits of time or place. I have given them an empire that will know no end -optimistic attitude imperium sine fire 

• The rulers of the world

• Soon romans will conquer Greece (though they beat us in Troy)

• Wars will be laid aside and the years of bitterness will be over - Pax Augustus, a return to the countryside Virgil loves

• Gates of War an actual place which signalled war, Augustus shuts them three times

• he uses specific details conveying his deep understanding of the future

• the people of Rome, the rulers of the world, the race that wears the toga ascending, asyndetic tricolon emphasises his power for appointing them and their greatness 

Sent down mercury [to make] hospitable to the Trojans

• Establishes Carthaginians as hostile- forcing the hand of ROme to fight not our fault guys

Explore thus new land and bring back to his men accounts

• He is a typical civilising force

12 

• Homeric allusion- Ody 7 has Athene disguised interacting with Ody

• Venus is often disguised with him

• she is ACTING and wearing BOOTS (Greek actors wore kothornoi)> subtle theatrical allusion, again setting up Greek tragedy

• with my goddess mother to show the way

”Aeneas achieves nothing on his own, he is completely reliant on others”

In blind lust for his gold the godless Pygmalion attacked him without warning, ambushing him at the altar

• Dido’s brother lacks pietas

• FRATRICIDE - Romulus and Remus vibes

Dido was sick with love and he deceived her with false hopes and empty pretences

• Proleptic Irony- Aeneas will do the same

• Dido loves her husband, he dies, founds a city by marking her land with a thin bit of hide (sneaky, fun story)

• Reminds of Aeneas- expelled from country, loses marital partner, sails, found respective race

“Your face is not the face of a mortal[…] we do not know the people, Tell us and many a victim will fall by my right hand”

• He is observant but cant do anything by himself

• respectful to the gods offering a sacrifice

• Moves from being a Homeric hero KLEOS to a proto roman PIETAS

Venus “i can tell you that your comrades are restores… look at these twelve swans flying joyfully in formation,. The eagle of jupiter”

• Divine aid- gods often have to cheer him up, goes against his stoic archetype

• OMENS

• He is haunted by the impossibility of embracing people- always physically distanced or by death

16 “tears for suffering and men’s hearts are touched by what man has to bear. Forget your fears we are known here.”

• Rises from his low point when entering the temple which depicts the Trojan war

• sees the Carthaginian’s as being sympathetic to the Trojan plight 

• could be a misreading- it is Juno’s temple could indicate their hatred of trojans- it depicts the triumph of Greece 

• Depicts a different epic- the Aethiopis- MORE THAN HOMER

• frieze

17

She was like Diana

• Dido compared to Diana- establishes her chastity unavira, ironic they have sex during a hunt

• in book 4 she is compared again with Ae is Apollo- incestuous love OR points to similarities

Urging on her people and dividing work and giving laws and rules

• Established to be a good leader- interested in feminina dux is strange to a roman reader

• Her work ethic shifts into their sexual relationship 

he was astounded

• Surprising that Aeneas is shocked that his men didn’t drown as his mother said his ships were safe

• forgetful!! 

Barbarians 

• Proto-roman stereotype, playing into roman patriotic fuvor, reminding of carthage’s future reputation

contest of kindness… DIDO what i can do i shall do…the city which I’m founding is yours

• Xenia 

• recognising the lineage of people can be comforting

As though skilled hands had added embellishments

• Venus makes Aeneas all the more attractive- Homeric archetype 

• (He showers her with compliments to compensate for Xenia)

• (he speaks of the strife of Trojans- refers back to proemium)

I knew all the misfortunes…through my own suffering, I am learning to help those who suffer

• Dido relates to him

• Showing respect through recognising his troubles

• Aeneas must overcome the past resentment of the greeks

all his thoughts were on his dear son

• He shows fatherly love, displaying pietàs to family and nation as future king

• only speak directly twice 

miracles of workmanship had been given to Helen

• Dido similarly distracts Ae from his purpose with an illicit marriage

• Gifts provide a sombre note (causes future wars)

• symbols of troy

• Cupid takes off his wings and impersonates Iscanius comedically

Unfortunate Dido, doomed to be a victim…the fire within her grew…[cupid] began gradually to erase

• Flame imagery reflects furor (sexual love leads to destruction)

• her classification as a one man woman is erased

• End of book one with a drinking contest and a bard (very Homeric, book 8 Ody)

• epic poet fixt in the text (self-referential)

• Xenia theme 

civil war refs, Carthaginian stereotypes, praise of leaders, Rome mentioned a lot, Aeneas is a proto-roman hero (looks after men, not completely self fixated, cares for gods)

BOOK TWO

-flashback- meta device 

>Aeneas is differently characterised, here he is shown to be obsessed with Homeric value

>There is a tension between the archetypal Homeric hero and his families desire

>he collectivises the Trojans to deemphasises his role (we were all so silly)

>rebirth and renewal (focus on womb of horse, Troy must burn so Rome must live)

>BOOK 8 IS THE OPPOSITE, about the birth of Rome SYMMETRY (bk 2 looks backwards bk 8 looks foreword) 

“In which i played a large part”

• He is going to excuse himself

”though the setting stars are speaking us to sleep”

• Epic trope of long stories

• Gods are all on the Greeks side other than Venus

”pretended it was a votive offering”

• Defying pietàs 

• The Trojans are clearly not entirely foolish- they consider destroying it

• BUT clearly very naive and overly excited, immediately opening their gates and visit their camp

whether it was treachery that made him speak, or whether the fates of troy

• Displacing blame

• Reminds us of the conspiracy theory

scheme…web….listen now to this story of Greek treachery[…] learn the ways of a whole people

• Loaded language 

• expanded to the whole race

• The Trojans are being very merciful and this will lead to their destruction

• when Aeneas is faced with a similar decision he kills

•  Sinon claims his bff was put to death wrongfully by Ulixses, Sinon spoke out and became his next target SUPPOSEDLY

• opens his speech by claiming he could never cheat or lie and is the kind of guy to always tell the truth

• Truth is hiding in plain sight- goes on about how Ulixses can never be relied upon and is so tricky 

• the truth is hiding in plain sight

• Aeneas’ takeaway is ALL GREEKS ARE BAD- ironic, Trojans had a not all Greek stance

we had never met villainy on this scale

• NAIVE, we aren’t stupid they’re just smarter than us

They all agreed… now one man was doomed, and this they could endure

• The Greeks are so cowardly that they allow Sinon to be sacrificed

• trying to gain sympathy (ill never see my son or homeland)

Priam “whoever you are”

• Does he not care who he is or suspect he is lying?

He supplicates the Gods 142

sinon was ready with all his Greek arts

• It is expanded to the Greek race

I call upon TRICOLON

it is no sin REPEATED 

“only you must stand by your promises”

• Implication of their stupidity 

they’ll be back when you least expect it

• IRONY

• Sinon reinterprets the story of Ulixses stealing Athene’s statue> talks of the Greeks as sacreligious and impious 

• Offers incentive to them- if they take it inside they will conquer Greeks and those silly Greeks didn’t make it big enough

• Two snakes represent Menelaus + Agammemnon (atreides)

• Scale of the snakes is emphasised coil upon measureless coil…huge spirals

• He has become a sacrifice, positions perverted, was sacrificing a bull now compared to a bull 

• His young sons are “prefiguring innocent Trojans” the atréides will do the same

They said that

• When speaking of the Trojans errors he distances himself

• but he speaks sadly of his homeland

gliding… creeping

• Snake words

• Ironic that they take down their own walls and don't hear their presence because of their excitement

• are convinced the gods love them and this is the great irony

• They take down the walls

32

Neoptolemus and the horses ‘womb’

• His name means new war

• He doesn’t obey the rules of war, breaking Homeric codes (compared to a snake that has been reborn)

• The horse is birthing new soldiers

“You must escape…you must save yourself”

• Hector appears in his worst form (appearing as he does before dying) foreshadows the fall of Troy (safeguard powerless)

• littered with imperatives and yet he ignores/refuses them

Aeneas is like a ‘shepherd’ ‘stupefied’ as ‘fire’ or ‘floods’ flatten his crops

• Greeks are pouring in like innumerable, destructive, aspects of nature

• Homeric simile to compare warfare nature

reason had little use for armour, but my heart was burning… mindlessly

• Emphasis on lack of rationality and the blinding quality of rage

• Shifted from proto-Augustan hero to Homeric (lapsed)

• Panthus is described as clearly pious and yet the gods have left him

• (Reminds us of the snakes of Athena eating her priest, frieze in temple of Juno with Athena rejecting the Trojans offerings)

• Panthus models good behaviour (carries his ‘defeated Gods’ and grandson)

Aeneas “let us die”

• His impassioned battle speech to the Trojans has self-destructive over tones

• Theme of being abandonned by the gods

• not about pietàs, about glory for the self

Trojans compared to wolves

• Hunger for honour and glory (you dont ask a wolf why they are ravenous)

Tricks Greek into thinking they are Greeks (Coreobus idea) “every man armed himself with the spoils”

• The Trojans are described as snakes and lends a sinister aspect to their behaviour- Problematises

• The Greeks are usually described as snakes- war complicates things

• Knox ‘Aeneas has strayed from his duty” both to Hector’s command + fighting nobly 

• BUT Cheats never prosper- the Trojans kill them 

“no man can put trust in Gods who are opposed to him”

• Divinely disillusioned 

• Cassandra is attacked despite being pious

• Furor and erotic love are linked- Cassandra’s husband launches into battle

• Trojans killed on alters (Cassandra’s husband, Priam, 

• Now that the Gods are against them sacrelige loses meaning

• Virgil revels in descriptions of warfare- some say this is to emulate homer others to evoke pity

• Pitiful image of the vulnerability of Prtiam

• Priam represents Troy

• Pietas is dead- Hecuba claims they can be safe by the alter or die together, moment of familial love

• Ante Ora Parentum- Virgil trope, in warfare old men bury young, often before the faces of their parents to hammer home the horrors and perversity of war (Polites dies before Priam)

41

• Image of a broken family (Priams) reminds him of his pious responsibilities

• It is the apogee of his Homeric heroism

Never the less i shall win praise for blotting out this evil

• His desire to kill Helen is the finest example of his Kleos and the dangers of being overcome by furor

• contrasts himself to Helen as either she gets kleos by returning home or i do by killing her- not shared

• He characterises her as wicked and sly- playing both sides

I shall also take pleasure in feeding the flames of pleasure

• Furor intrinsically linked to fire, consumption, gorging on the fire of vengeance

• focus on his primitive desires ‘ranting and raving’

• Venus’ intervention reminds of Athene’s in the iliad

• instances of divine intervention 

Venus ‘why this raging passion’

• Why so furious- she is a calming figure

• where is all the love you used to have for me 

• Has to be reminded of his duty to his family- pietàs doesn’t come naturally, he must be led

they would be dead were it not for me 

• another instance of divine intervention

• She provides him an inner sight 

• She shows Aeneas the Gods destroying the city

• Always the case that he views the Gods as against him- pique instance of both this and the opposite

• the gods are ‘the enemy of Troy’ 

• Venus leads Aeneas home- more 

Image of Troy as an ancient ash tree

• Priam also compared to a falling tree

• Are a sign of royalty and the Trojan family being cut down

• Other Trojans compared to tree (eg Polydorus tree books 3)

• Both Aeneas and Anchises believe the Gods hate them (if they’d wanted me to live Troy would be good), Anchises wishes to die fighting (Priam style)

• Aeneas immediately returns to furor (lapses) willing to die today we die

• Creusa redirects his duty claiming his first duty is to the house and they may as well be dead if he leaves

• Though she is emotional she is as mouthpiece for the true opinion

• BIG OMEN Ascanias’ hat lights on fire (borrows from the Roman story where this signals the next king), thunder and a comet- sign to listen to the gods, pushes them to be the archetypal image of pietas

• Anchises is often the interpreter of omens

• Wont even touch the household Gods because he is so pious

• Virgil is creating an image his father son connection (scared for his father- cowardly?)(panicked by fathers words- not especially heroic)

• Frequent exclusion of women- she is kept out because she is not important, she walks at a distance (clear image of a patriarchal unit)

• Not really heroic, he abandons his wife, doesn’t notice, blames a mysterious force for confusing him 

• He lapses again! Into furor! Because of the erotic impulse! Which often leads to furor!

• Ultimate expressions of the horrors of war- buildings destroy, special gifts taken, mothers and children queuing for slavery

• Creusa is a tragic device (deux ex machina- wraps up her plot tells him to remarry, happy to not be a sex slave)

• She is the ideal roman wife, self negating/abnegating, she recognises that she is irrelevant 

• prophecy- about the greatness of Rome, gives him specific directions

• Three times tropes

• Though he is a stoic man he struggles to reply (cant express emotions)

• Oftren Aeneas cannot find satisfaction in personal relationships- often physically distanced (only speaks directly to Ascanias twice, distanced via death or space)

I yield

• He submits to the will of the Gods- he surrenders, unwilling reluctant tone

Book 4

Love's deadly wound, feeding it with her blood and being consumed by its hidden fire

• Opens with an image of Dido being overwhelmed

• Image of Love as a parasite, feeding on her

• Destructive images

• Reminds of Medea in Apollonius’ play, setting her up in the same tragic mold

• Idea that she is given no rest- either up all night with stress, love or Aeneas

• Anna functions as a nurse figure- providing advice

pg 69-70

Dido’s speech to her sister

• Exclamations in a tetracolon of “what” emphasises how overwhelmed she is

• The hyperbole of if she gives in to her love she should be sent to the shades suggests how consumed she is

• ’Utterly’ ‘immovably’ the way she is so against it hints at her secret desire

• Sets herself up to be an univira 

• Moves from praising Aeneas to saying she shouldn’t hinting that she wishes Anna to dissuade her

Anna’s speech

• It could be a sign from the Gods go for it (maybe Juno planned it- ironic!! Quite the opposite, she ship wrecked him)

• Sycheas is not concerned

• Have some children

• Carthage will be prosperous (IRONIC the Trojans will lead to their destruction so they are safe when there)

• We are surrounded by hostile enemies

‘Anna lit a fire of wild love’

• They do ceremonies to ensure the Gods are on side

• The priests try to ensure her happiness by twisting the prophecies, but due to their ignorance they harm her

• Furor is a destructive force connected to passion

like a wounded doe

• Reminds of how Cupid has metaphorically shot her with the arrow of love

• Obsession emphasised in the ridiculousness of her clinging to his sofa, hallucinating his presence, asking Ascanias to stay behind because they look similar

• Romantic love is destabilising for society- Carthage stops being productive 

72 Juno’s speech

• Indicative of Juno’s selfishness- though Dido has centred the city on her worship Juno doesn’t care for Dido’s overall wellbeing (means to delay the roman project)

• Venus realises this is a trick and decides to double cross her- she goes along with her plan knowing she will ultimately get her way (he’ll be safe for a bit then leave, Carthage wont live forever)

• Classic divine intervention

• Symptomatic of divine squabbling (Longinus, he is following in Homer’s footsteps making the Gods seem petty)

73

• Incestuous relationship hinted at- Dido compared to Diana, Aeneas to Apollo- hints that this relationship wont work

• Emphasises his beauty

• Purple and gold symbolic of wealth and is fitting as purple comes from Carthage

• Polysyndeton emphasises the care taken

• Ascanias’ excitement- he is really excited to win his spurs (become a man) interested in the idea of Kleos (Book 9 becomes a horse rider)

74 no longer kept her love as a secret in her own heart, but called it marriage, using the word to cover her guilt

• The ‘marriage’ of Dido and Aeneas when they took refuge in the same cave

• There was a concept of a common marriage in which just by living together makes them married BUT due to their status it should be formalised

Rumour

• Virgil’s supremacy as a poet comes through in the wonder of his monsters

• Shown to be disgusting

“This second Paris”

• Iarbas is very annoyed that the gods wont give him what he wants

• Introduces the idea of Trojan stereotypes- eastern effeminate- claims Aeneas is bathed in perfume, and doesn’t work (not how romans think of themselves- hard workers) and refers to him as a second paris (paradoxical stereotype, effeminate and yet gets women? Same stereotype held by Turnus

• Jupiter instructs Mercury to encourage Aeneas to get a move on

• Ιdea that if you cant do it for yourself do it for your son

• Description of Mercury flying around Atlas takes us out of the narrative and shows off his poetic skills

• Has no narrative purpose

‘Aeneas laying the foundations of the citadel’

• Perverted image of what he should be doing

• There is a rumour flying around that they were spending their time in “lust and sloth”- he is doing stuff, it was just a rumour!!

• He is strengthening the enemy

• Mercury takes a chastising tone, echoing Homeric convention in the direct repetition of speeches 

• He prays on Aneases’ pietàs- claiming “you own [your son]” the kingdom

• Like after interacting with Creusa’s ghost he has an intense response- going into action, hair standing on end

• His men ‘were delighted’ to ditch her- suggestion they have been waiting to leave- contrasts to Aeneas who is torn

• The questions in the text reflect his helplessness and attempt to formulate a plan that will upset no one 

• She grows paranoid- she is right but doesnt know it

• The bacchant similise marks the point where she becomes possessed and obsessed (Bacchae ref- GT allusions continue- tear apart male relations, becomes threatening)

78 Dido stay with me speech

• We open with furious rhetorical questions (did you t

• Invective (insults) you traitor, you are heartless, guest is the only name i can call my husband 

• Logical argument stormy seas (you wouldn’t even leave for Troy in this weather why for anywhere else)

• Argument of pathos if only you had given me a child, my own Tyrians are against me (only indication is the rumour), open for attack from others (og claim she was an univira, not true anymore) ‘have thrown away the good name i once had’

• Threat arguments Pygmalian will crush my city, Iarbus drag me off in chains

79 Aeneas speech

• He’s so nervous that he didn’t move his eyes and struggled to fight down anguish (bad at expressing emotions)

• Every night i think of my father and son, and you wont come with- shifts the blame 

• It’s not you its me- ‘list a multitude of kindness you have done me’ you’re lovely, i have a duty to my nation

• We weren’t even married- i was always going to tell you besides weren’t even married

• Doesnt even say if he had free will that he’d stay with her, he would be rebuilding Troy  

• Page “Aeneas is despicable” and describes the speech as the “cold and formal rhetoric of an attorney”

• The staple of his argument is pietàs- hers is furor (passion, emotion, energy, hatred) she returns to invective arguments ‘he did not sigh when he saw me weep’ calls him emotional

• draws a stark contrast- he doesnt care, i have much to say because i hate and love him (logic v emotion)

• Next point is that she was so kind- ‘he was thrown helpless on my shores’ 

• Now you’re claiming the gods are instructing you- how self centred are you that you think the gods are stressing about you 

• she curses him, hoping he drowns and promising to follow him- arguably foreshadows the Punic wars

• abandons logic and pathos- ridiculing him and wishing he’d die

• Recurring motif of Aeneas being left with more to say as he struggles to articulate himself 

• His men are so excited to leave they take green branches for oars

• Image of the natural world used to compare the Trojans to ants as they leave- the Gods and Dido from their high ground would see this- particularly fitting image

• ’Love is a cruel master’

• she cries, begs Aeneas as a suppliant falling to her knees, her pride submits to her love

• Tells Anna to speak to their enemy and say they weren’t part of the Greeks and thus aren’t enemies- confused argumentation and also ironic

• Dido defaults to begging- very human- for more time (don’t leave right now)

• Tree image- Troys a tree 2, Priams a tree, Polydorus was literally a tree- used to indicate royalty

• The winds are furor the roots are pietàs keeping him 

• Goes to the altars to beg the Gods though early slagged them off but everything is against her- the wine turns filthy the milk turns black- offerings are corrupted sign that he’s leaving OR could be a hallucination like earlier as ‘no one else saw it’

• Later hears her husband talking through his statue (hears whispering but we dont know what shes saying), interprets an owl as signalling her death, sees Aeneas in her sleep (before when she was awake)

• Compared to Pentheus when he is hallucinating under D’s spell (uses explicit Euripides language), Orestes also driven mad by furies- emphasised by the unnecessary addition of the phrase ‘across the stage’, she is no being compared to mythical figures but tragic figures

• As she slips into magic art she begins to resemble Medea increasingly

• The beginning of Bk 4 resembles the story as well

• GT 

• Medea also used drugs to put a snake to sleep- Dido asks for sleepy drugs too

• Anna plays the nurse figure playing out instructions

Errebus, Chaos, triple Hecate

• Descending into dark magic and true madness (chthonic God’s prayed to)

84

• Natural world described as being very calm

• Notes in book

• In her uncertainty on what to do she becomes pathetic- indicates internal intsability

• Declares she must die, definitive, views it as her only option

Mercury speech ‘women are unstable creatures

•  Divine intervention 

• Scathing tone

• Women are seen as impediments to the roman project (Juno, Dido, Creusa must die, Trojan women BK 5 tries to burn down ships, Anna encouraged Dido, Camilla, Amata- Lavinia’s mother)

• Women argued by Virgil to be fickle 

• Aeneas is the example of pietas, follows him immediately and venerates him 

Dido

• Has swung to vengeful bloodthurst

• Threatens to feed Ascanias (like Tantalus, Thyestes)

• Threatenes to pull him apart (Sparagmos)

• Gets so confused about where she is

• Scorns his claims- interrogates claims of pietas, questions the penates and carrying Anchises

• Prays to Juno (enemy of Aeneas), Hecate (chthonic and witchcraft), Furies (revenge), Sun (Medea chariot)

• Prays for him to go to war- he does, and is torn from the embrace of Ascanias when looking for Evander- not nec because prayed for

• He does die quickly by drowning as she asks

• Refs Hannibal, hopes for someone to harass Romans by praying for reference

Dido 88

• Has a moment of retrospection- I’ve founded a great city

• Another ref to Rumour raving like a Bacchant

• Hysteria spreads from the palace to the people to the cosmos- cosmological image as the heavens reflect the mourning

• Anna wishes to be with her as Ismene did in Antigone 

• She violates fate (Hippolytus needs Diana to help him die) 

BK 5

-In Sicily for Anchises funeral game

>rif on Iliad book 23

-displays Aeneas as a good leader

>displays pietas with his funeral games

>displays fun and care for his people

-Sicily Sojurn

-Juno is irritated because they are on track to complete the roman projecvt

>inspires the woman to burn ships (inspired by Iris)

-Aeneas realises women are changeable so ditches them on Sicily with Acestes

-Aeneas requires divine intervention- Neptune stills the water

-Morpheus makes Palinurus (the captain) to fall asleep and off the ship

>Aeneas wakes up and drives his ship towards the future (ship metaphor for the state)

Book 6

The Odyssey Bk 11 has a katabasis- there are none in the illiad- though Aeneas actually enters

Is a turning point for Aeneid- years of suffering- he comes face to face with his demons and starts to come to terms with it

>he leaves like a new man

• Aeneas goes off to do his prayers immediately after arriving on Cumae

• His men do typical coloniser things (get food, find fire, etc)

• Another instance of Ekphrasis

• Daedalus built the temple- cant depict his son

• Focalisation is used for us to see the urn through Aeneas’ eyes ‘there stands the urn’

• image of the labyrinth is programmatic to the katabasis- it too is dark, underground with a monster in the centre 

• Icarus dies ante ora parentum

• Daedalus is also emotionally constipated (tries to make an Icarus statue but cant) 

• Inability to access loved ones is a pervasive feature of book six

• The ekphrasis is a break from the narrative to show off his poetic ability while establishing pervasive themes

• Aeneas has to be reminded to be pious by the Sibyl (reminded to pray)- twice (threatens not to speak) requires divine prompting 

• Sibyl lives in a hollowed or cave- echoey 

117 Aeneas 

• Prays to Apollo, prays to all gods (but implicitly Juno) to stop punishing him for being Trojan, prays to the Sibyl, promises to make a shrine to the Sibyll and temples for Apollo

Sibyl ‘at long last you have done with the perils of the ocean, but worse things remain for you to bear on land’

• The odyssey is over the Iliad will begin

• she provides a terrible prophecy 

• Mentions Trojan rivers, compares Turnus to Achilles, Aeneas will be like Paris stealing a foreign bride- it is a second Troy

• Evander are descended from Greeks- he must ally Greeks, getting over old grudges 

• BUT he isn’t stealing Lavinia- this is how Turnus will view it but it is a legitimate marriage

Aeneas ‘suffering cannot come to me in any new or unforeseen form’

• Naive

• Aeneas wonders why he cant be like Orpheus, Heracles, 

• Golden bough is the passport for the underworld- it is literally gold

• It will come easily if you are worthy of going, if not it’ll be impossible

• To ‘sail twice’ go now and when you die

• Expect it to be Palinurus who died last book who she says is dead and must be buried

• Achates and Aeneas have a companionship 

• Misenus dies via hubris 

• Process of colonisation- they cut down trees

• Public voice of glory private suffering 

• Divine intervention- he says he wishes the bough would just appear, two doves appear and guide him to the bough, even the birds slow down to let him catch up

it resisted, but he broke it off impatiently

• Harvard school of thought

• Its supposed to melt off if he is worthy- why does it break off at all?

• moral complexity or moral ambiguities of Aeneas

• Still on his learning journey 

• Later he doesnt sacrifice four black cattle as asked- even sacrifices a lamb

• Cunctantem when it resists (introduces a sense of ambiguity)

• Aeneas as action hero- though being led- he has his sword drawn

• doesnt realise the monsters are ghosts  

• Virgil breaks into the narrative to speak to the chthonic Gods and ask them to inspire him

• Hell and heaven coexist in his view

123 Latin lit

• Asyndetic list to indicate the amount of people dead

• Leaves compared to the people

• Souls trying to go from land to land like the birds

• People need not only to be given money but buried (pietàs, roman expectation)

• The underworld is grim

• Tragedy of seeing his men who died in Bk 1 and cant enjoy the fruits of the Trojan project 

• Palinarus has a bathetic death (also like Misenus who dies watery and Odysseus who floats for three days) which indicates that the Roman natives are Hostile (first victim to the Italians) and asks to come with him

’you must cease to hope that the Fates of the gods can be altered by prayers’

• Aeneas many times prays to no avail

• Charron is very wary of any figure going to the underworld post Theseus and Pirithous to steal Persephone, Herc to steal Cerberus

• Dismissive of Aeneas who is a great hero- whoever you are

• Adds to our impression of Aeneas as heroic, coming with a sword

• Charron very into branch

• Aeneas comically described as ‘huge’ he has a corporeal form ( boat only meant to carry spirits and half submerges) not very dignified

• The Sibyl puts Cerberus to sleep with a soporific honey cake- Aeneas does nothing, divine intervention, the sword he carries is useless (earlier he couldn’t have used it on the monsters because they weren’t there) he is heroic and brave but it is useless 

• People get retried in the underworld

• Odysseus sees Achilles in the underworld- though in the illiad he wishes to have a short life here he wishes to be alive again- this is reminiscent of the description of those who committed suicide or waste away because of Love

127

• Final Dido appearance 

• Aeneas weeps and speaks words of love and claims he was driven by the stern authority of the Gods

• It is an emotional reunion

• Can be read as a dope- acting surprised though she threatened to kill herself

• She is reunited with Sycheus who matches her love with love

• She like Ajax in the Odyssey ignores him (they fought over armour leading to his suicide)

• The tragedy of Troy isn’t contained to Bk 2, remnants of his past are seen throughout

• Tragic that the Trojans want to hang- lack of connection like with Dido (who doesn’t want to connect) as with the Trojans (who he doesn’t have the time to) or his father (who he can’t grasp)- the underworld is a place without physical and metaphysical/emotional connection

• By going into the underworld this is the section of him going into his past (emotional trauma from Dido and Trojans) however guilty he feels for them he is learning that the past cant be altered- stoic approach, sad that he is moulded into an instrument of the gods

• Greeks are still terrified of him- impressive, scary warrior

Deiphobus

• Like when Odysseus runs into Ag, learning to not trust his wife, Dei is the third husband of Helen and killed because of her

• (they are sisters and both Spartans)

• Helen is compared to a bacchant- emotions, furor

• Bertayed by his wife- homer anti-marriage

• Sibyl emphasises that they cant live their life in the past  

• (Have now gone through Limbo where children and falsely accused etc are)

• Greeks being bad- mutilating him, betraying him

131

• They are in Tartarus- hell itself

• Sibyl mentions everyone who is divinely punished (Salomonus pretended to be Zeus, Tityos like Prometheus, fratricide, fraud, beat father, people who took up arms against their people- Aeneas doesn’t do it, loves his father and people, he is a great model of a pious roman)

• filled with bad people

• Roman values established as family, loving brothers, no incest or traitors, pietàs, duty to gods

132

• Moving towards a liminal space (from the past to the future)

• Very different from muddy banks of Acheron or the Woods of the lost- here the priest Orpheus is making music with athletic contests and such

• Comment on the greatness of the roman predecessors (provides Aeneas greater motivation)

• Place of peace, ‘sword were planted in the ground’ unlike in the illiad

• Homer depicts the underworld as one place- Virgil has different areas, the place of heroes if pastoral, he equates peace with greenness 

• Idyllic scene- no houses

134 Anchises-Aeneas 

• Focus on pastoralism

• Anchises is counting all his future descendants 

• Focus on his devotion to his father

• Focus on how far he has journeyed

• There are never this much emotion in Aeneas and Iulus reconciliation

• Private voice of suffering- he still cannot connect physically with his father, no success in his private life, despite the effort he has gone to

135

• Aeneas is either being curious about his area or useless (asks for everything to be explained)

• People described as bees- idyllic image

• River of Lethe is drunk from to forget

• Not a very positive reflection on life- not yet fully excited about Rome 

• Ideas about death that come from Orphic/pythagorean mythology (cleansed in the underworld, if youre sinful you are reincarnated, idea is to attain max virtue- tying into pietàs) where as in Homer there is no distinction in his underworld

136 ‘i shall tell you of the glory that lies in store for the sons of Dardanus, for the men of Italian stock who will be our descendants’

• Discusses the blending of the Trojans and the Italians 

• First are the Alban kings (his son founds Alba Longa) who span the time before Romulus

• Romulus’ mother is Ilia- connecting to illium

• About unity in the face of civil war (all the same race)

• Ηe gives the 2nd of 3 great prophecies- 780

• Skip to Augustus

a land beyond the stars

• Cosmological image, expanding to the very limits of space - though he continues to ground his description in geographical terms

• He actively compares Augustus to Hercules (goes around chasing a deer) and Bacchus (conquers India)- underlines his importance

• Reference to 7 kings- good king sets up laws

• Ref to the Brutus who kicks out the 7 kings and becomes the first consul of the republic (though he reminds the public of Brutus who killed Julius Caesar) so the image is nuanced 506 BC

• Caesar marries Pompéi to his daughter to maintain alliance but do go to war

Throw down your weapons. Oh blood of my blood

• Discourages civil war

• Prophecieses that they will conquer the Greeks (motivational)

• Speech ends with declaration that they will spare the lowly and crush the proud

• important prophecy

• compares Greeks to them- Greeks can make statues and look to the stras but they will conquer the world (Greeks masters of culture, Romans masters of killing)

• The highest roman prize is when you  defeat the opponent in single combat- he will do the same to Turnus

• His descendants provide him motivation

139

• Aeneas asks about Marcellus who was the lost hope of the romans and imperial family

• Anchises explains that it is unfair and he was great but died too young to be Augustine’s heir 

• Speech ends on this note

• Conway ‘the sudden gust of tragedy when at last the sky seemed clear’ seemed to have moved from sad bit of underworld but the ref to the great victim of the roman project strikes great pathos

• Divine assistance in that he tells Aeneas of the glory that is to come

140

• Gate of Horn- true dreams, Gate of Ivory- false dreams

• Puts suspicion of what we see- Harvard thought (or he dreamed it)

• Goes through Ivory, pours scepticism on the vision of glory

• Virgil glosses over certain elements of the Trojan/julean line to make it more appealing

Book 7

-Book opens strangely with a Trojan woman dying and having a place named after her

>strange

>women abandoned in Sicily

-Aeneas is shown being pious, burying Caieta and performing nec rites

-The gods are giving him help- Neptune stops him going to Circe

>Aeneas contrasts with Odysseus, being a good leader, stopping them being turned into animals

>also emphasises the transition from Odysseus to illiad

>also is an authorial statement- he isn’t just copying Homer, he is skirting the content as Aeneas skirts the shores but he avoids it

>Circe is a dangerous woman, matching his view

-They’ve reached the river Tiber- they’ve made it!

>its beautiful and colourful! Singing birds, yellow sands- sets up our expectation- it is reminiscent of a pastoral idyll

-He invokes the muse Erato (muse of love)

>it will be based around the love story of Lavinia and Aeneas

>this is a second proem (evoking the muse) which is a clear dividing line between O and I

-He claims it ‘is a greater work, i now set in motion’

>he is now a better hero (has let go of his past)

>illiad is considered better than the o

>we’re in Rome, and will now see national tales 

>we are nearing the final

-Another example of ante ora parentum (Latinos’ son was snatched from him)

-Turnus is the most handsome man in Italy

>we have a positive first impression

-Amata follows the wicked queen archetype, being another destructive woman

>omens are very significant, preventing her from letting Turnus marry Lavinia as she wishes

-Omen of bees suggests that there will be a stranger and army

-Omen of Lavinia hair blazing (like Ascanias) her own fate will be great but there will be a war

>transferred epithet, ‘chaste torches’, it is Lavinia who is chaste

-the prophecy that Lavinia’s descendants from a foreigner will be there when the world will change to their will

>reminiscent of Jupiter’s prophecy

-Funny moment!! Ascanias jokes that they are eating their tables (a harpe said they wouldn’t reach it till they ate their tables)

>Anchises predicted the same according to Aeneas which we never saw- seems à Harpey

>Aeneas sacrifices and honours his father- pious

-impressive embassy of 100 people 

-Heroic military behaviour is displayed by Aeneas when he prepares for defence in case it doesnt work out

-The Latins are shown to be athletic and ready for war spinning javellins

>reminds of the Carthaginian’s who were aggressive and war mongerinhg by nature

-There are anachronistic Roman references

>toga, columns, Janus, the romans loved ancestral statues, ref to Quirinus (which means Roman)

>plunged into Italy as though it is rome

-Latinus expresses Xenia in the type/standard embassy scene 

>story of Dardanus being originally from Italy- sense of symmetry

-The commander emphasises the Trojan race as worthy guests (descendants of Jupiter, proposes friendship in turn, give gifts reminiscent of Troy’s former glory)

>they are not coming as Paris

’This Aeneas is the man the Fates deemed’

-Latinus sends 300 horses, all beautifully dressed, two whose horses burned down

>reciprocity

-Juno is concerned about her own power, fears she will be mocked, and irritated at her failure to destroy them

>feels mistreated, others have destroyed whole races but she can’t 

>she cant change fate but knows she can delay it and taint it with blood

>leans in to the unfair comparison of Aeneas as a second Paris

-Juno incites Alecto (chthonic, demon who starts civil wars, another woman), Alecto sets Amata mad with hatred (is a serpent, last seen Laocoon)

-Amara claims Aeneas is a second Paris, claims he has made vows to Turnus, Turnus was mycanean a long long time ago

-Bacchant ref, Amata pretends to be possessed by Bacchus and kidnaps her daughter (Helen did the same when signalling for Greeks)

>women are destructive and hindering/retarding, depicted as primitive and mad, leading

-Turnus said to be princely, handsome, and brave

>archetypal warrior of the Heroic Age

>he represents individual glory (ideal for Homer)

>out of place in Augustan period 

-Alecto dresses us a priestess of Juno

>strengthens link between her and Juno

>it is a test for him, a prophecy has been given, will he respect it

>’your reward is to be laughed at’ the Homeric hero’s fear

-Turnus has a similar response Hector has to Andromache when she provides war advice (BK6) (intertextuality)

>tells her war is man job

-Intimidating image of her revealing herself in maddened state

-Turnus is described as a steaming pot

-Turnus also inspires confidence in his men

>unlike Aeneas it was not reciprocated 

-She now triggers the inciting incident by sending Iulus into a mad rage and killing a domesticated deer

>’begging and pleading’ its like a human, it lives in the bucolic idyll

>she has riled up the country man/people so they will react upon an inciting incident

-Ascanias is motivated by a love of glory, hasn’t matured from Homeric standard

-Alecto+Juno retard his progress by riling up Amata, Turnus, Ascanias, country people, directing the arrow

-Simile of the water being provoked by wind

>reminds of furor and the storm (compared to a politician idk ask ev

-Country side is being weaponised (weapons compared to crops)

>reminiscent of Virgils own time in the Civil War

-He utilises a capsule biography for pathos

>homeric technique 

Allecto “Discord is made perfect in the horror of war”

-Furor is at its peak when we are fighting

-Even Juno thinks we should real it in

-Purple passage of Allecto returning to the underworld

-Latinos us presented as strong and resolute

>storm image of the water howling while he stands strong (he is the statesman)

>he abducates and uses storm imagery, i have already reached calm waters

’rome, the greatest of the great’

>no matter who we fight against the gates of war are utilised

>Juno literally bursts open the gates of war (Augustus closes it twice after 200 years of opening Pax Augusta)

>time for war, explicitly referenced ditched the sickle

>have to dig out their weapons, unused for a while

>though Virgil dislkies war he knows they have historical and literary necessity

-Catalogue of Italian allies 

>reminds of the Pageant of the descendants 

>provides a sense of scale

>a typical poetic convention

>a method to show of Italy (he is not from Rome, but rather Italy)

>>this is his love letter to Italy, more a praise of the landscape than the warriors 

>also praises Rome in that they will be absorbed

-Mezentius is a rejecter of the gods and the most barbaric character in the Aeneid

>he has a nice son who deserves better

>the second mortal villain

-Son of Heracles is there- illuminates the Italian heroic pedigree 

>takes us into the world of myth, just one gen away

-To make them idiosyncratic (different) they all have different weapons

-Primitive weaponry, used Acorns 

-So peaceful usually that they are compared to birds and swans 

-Refs Claudius, sophisticated manner of incorporating future references to the past

-They are as many as the waves that roll- very in tune with nature

-Boomerang, they work the soil, good Italian men

-ref to descendant of Theseus in touch with golden age

-Turnus is the fairest and tallest

>homeric hyperbole

>like Achilles he has a shield with pictures on it

-Camilla is the equivalent of Penthesilea (queen of the Amazons)

>’she is a fairytale figure’

-The catalogues: paid homage to the past to honour the present, had mythological and fairytale references

>the Italians feel diverse and speciall

Book 8

-Aeneas talking to Father Tiber (in a dream) who encourages him to get allies eg from the Arcadians in Pallanteum (Pallas is contained within it)

>he reverses the stream 

-Pallas is a parallel with Patroclus

-Nostos (homecoming) in a sense

-This book is about the future of Rome 

-Diomedes is here (from the Iliad, a Greek), the Latins go to him who has experience with the Trojans

>he doesn't show up

>he nods to the Iliad, he is skirting the territory again

‘Stripping the fields of those who tilled them’

-Atmosphere is very chaotic, conveying how war impacts rural life

-Foreshadows the roman civil war

-Aeneas is portrayed as alert and strategic, looking in all directions

-‘Great tides of grief flowed in his heart’ despite his private suffering he pushes it down to motivate him men- as in Bk 1

>amidst the chaos he is calm- sign of a new hero, Proto-augustan

-Pastoral imagery 

‘heartsick at the sadness of war’

-a reflection of Virgil- who was a pacifist and focused on the destruction

-Aeneas fights not because he wants to but because its necessary- Virgil has the same view

-The God Tiber appears to him and helps him

>he was asleep does he deserve it

-Tiber foreshadows the idea that Rome is fated for him, motivating

>he provides a prophecy that he will see a sow beneath some oak trees which will signal Ascanias’ fate in founding Alba(Albalonga)

-Provides clear instructions (go up stream) and helps him (changes the flow direction)

-Tiber is one of the great symbols of Rome (in some ways its life blood)

>he praises both Rome and the beauty of nature and the Italian countryside

-Aeneas sacrifices to Tiber in thanks- pious

-Aeneas takes great action, building a boat and instructing his men

-He sees the omen of Tiber

-Aeneas sacrifices the sow (31) to Juno, emblem of piety

’the waves were astonished’

-Nature is astonished at the man made presences of war

-This is the first time Italy has seen war (lamenting the Golden Age)

-He makes a clear authorial prophecy that this land will be Rome 

-It is Heracles Day here when Evander is sacrificing to Heracles, but on this day in the future Augustus will enter Rome victorious (he saved them from Cacus, inset narrative- Epyllion)

>Heracles, Aeneas and Augustus are linked because they enter Rome

>parallels between mythic past, present, and glorious future

-Aeneas is invited to sit on a lion skin (builds up correspondence)

-He tells an Aetiological story (explain the origin of something)

>Mezentius (penultimate bad guy) conducts himself similarly to cacus (half ogre and dragon, lots of blood)

>Cacus stole Herc’s 4 bulls and 4 cows (Homeric allusion to Hermes v Apollo?)

>Herc is overcome by Furor, golden age/homeric response (loss of his geras- prize) and for the first time Cacus was afraid, rips off the top of the mountain (as though exploring the underworld, a katabasis) and tears out his eyes (violent in his rage)

-‘Greatest Alter’ links to Rome 

-Both have trials due to hatred and pursuit of Juno 

-Both Herc and Aeneas sleep in the same humble place (hut), Augustus claims to live in a humble place too

-Draws out the parallels/correspondences between H A A as saviours of past present and future Rome- suggests their enemies correspond Cacus, Turnus, Mark Anthony- optimistic European view

BUT Cacus’ main weapon is vomiitng fire, Aeneas’ helmet vomits fire, Augustus is shown on the shield vomiting fire

>and if they do correspond it is i wrath- Aeneas’ furor in killing Turnor- regression to Homeric rage- he does not spare the lowly- maybe A is like H for darker reasons 

BUT maybe it's fine to rage at a monster if Cacus=Turnus, justified Aeneas killing him

FURENS- not controlled

-The presence of senators is a clear anachronism- reminds us of the future of Rome

-Immediate impression is that Pallas is filled with the vigour of youth, impulsive, excitable

>he threatens to fight them all

>he asks many questions quickly (threatening them- Whats your race)

MANY EXAMPLES OF XENIA

-Aeneas holds an olive branch 

-Aeneas is forgiving of them for being Greeks, displaying great Xenia

>he has let go of his past (they stem from the sons of Atreus)

>he finds a tenuous genealogical reason for Xenia- both related to Atlas

-The enemy of my enemy is my friend

-He has so much respect that he has come himself (unlike with Latinus)

-Evander met Anchises (they were friends before)- they are strongly bonded

>a gift from Anchises has become an heirloom, passed down to Pallas

-They share food

-He admires the Ur-Rome (site of that which will soon be Rome- Pallentium)

-The same Camentium alter is there that will be in Rome

-Looks at old monuments- there are previous gens to ur-rome

-They go to the hut

-Book 18 ref with Venus reffing that Vulcan suçâmes to Thetis before

>classic type scene where goddess approaches Vulcan for item

>sets up focalisation and ekphrasis 

-Usually love is destructive producing furor but here it leads to creation, protection, SHIELDS??

>love is usually absent (except in familial or pious forms- LOVE OF COUNTRY?), desire more present

>love gets in the way of progress towards the roman project

177

-Another digressive moment, purely descriptions doestnt advance the plot

Eg Allecto in the underworld, Mercury flying, Temple with Icarus, Circe bit

-The workshop is shown to be very busy through structure of they did this and that

-Aural language (hissing, lightening), things to see(the gorgon, lightening), heat (so hot the cyclopes are naked)

178

-Fast moving (lots of geography jumping)

-Evander awakens to bird song and his guards are dogs

>idyllic, contrasts with Etna’s intensity

-Xenia in Evander complimenting A- its like Troy isnt dead

-Mezentius is negatively characterised

>praetiritio - i wont even talk about all his murders

179

>he has devised a new form of torture where he tied men to corpses- Turnus has heads on chariot, Cacus has heads on cave walls

>after the 7 kings (exiled) the romans hate kings

>he is friends with turnus- bad Xenia- Aeneas is being given examples of bad kings

-Theres an army waiting to punish M (prophecy that someone foreign will lead them- Aeneas!)

You are the man the gods are asking for

-He instructs A to give him war experience and look after him

>but he dies

-Venus sends an omen to stop them being sad (for wtv reason) and encourage action armour floats in the air and lightening strikes

-He encourages his men to battle

>into heroic mode

>reference to all the bodies pessimistic

-Pietas, they sacrifice sheep to the Gods to give thanks for the omen

181 Evander speech to Pallas

-Pathetic, tragic speech 

-Nostalgia for youth as he considers how powerful he was in battle

-Building up to ante ora parentum

>not in front of the father, but his corpse is presented

>inversion of death- Evander should be next to die

-He wishes to die now and happy if Pallas will die eventually 

>may link to Ach’s prayer for Patroclus’ safety?

-Their greek origins are emphasised in Pallas’ armour

>in the underworld the greeks were afraid of Aeneas and he has decided to move on

-Pallas is like a morning star- fit

182 SHIELD

-Aeneas finally gets embraced/physical satisfaction from Venus

>situations are improving

-on the shield Aeneas is depicted vomiting fire- weird, like Cacus, not a clear dichotomy

-its too beautiful to describe and yet he will go on to describe it

-THIRD PROPHECY (Jupiter, procession of roman heroes, shield)

>ekphrasis 

-Shield is about modeling roman virtues

>Romulus and Remus- survival- post conflict with Sabines he sacrificed to Jupiter- religious ideals

>Mettus (torn in two for betraying the state) fides 

>Lars Porsena tries to fight rome to get the king reinstated- libertas 

>Cocles and Cloelia are symbols of fortitudo 

>when Gaul try and invade the geese alerted them- idk man

>punishment for lack of loyalty- Catline tried to take over

- A lot of focus on Actium Augustus v Marc Antony+Cleopatra (they had an alliance and fight over Rome)- final moment of the final civil war

>Augustus has his helmet spew fire- problematises our dichotomy of heroes and monsters from a harvard perspective

>seems pious, following gods from home

>he tries to make it look like Rome v East (full of monsters in the Roman imagination) though it was truthfully a civil war

>the boats are as big as islands- on a colossal scale 

>Cleopatra’s death is alluded to- two snakes staring=asp for suicide

>Anubis barking- their Gods are monstrous

>Vulcan depict the greatest moment of Augustus in which he has defeated the sinister enemy of the east HEIGHT OF AUGUSTUS from a positive view (world conqueror)

>post model victory he is very pious-makes alters

>he has depicted races from across the empire and beyond 

-Same image from book two- now hes shouldering the burden of his fate, puts the shield on his back as he puts Anchises on his back (2 looks backward 8 looks forward)

>its the second book of the series, 1 he arrives in Carthage 7 italy, 5+11 funeral games, 6 lots of death +underworld 12 turnus dies

Book 9

-Nisus (older) Euryalus (younger) scheme to bypass the tyrians and go to pallantium

-Reminds of the Doloneia (sleepy book)

-first half is one last look back into the Homeric past before moving into the Augustan future (or a sign along with Troy’s fall to signal the fall of their standards)

-Ιris is here! 

-Turnus appears pious, recognising the Gods and offering to them as Aeneas did in Bk 8

>there will be a divergence from this heroic characterisation

>Aeneas has become protoAugustan, Turnus will remain Homeric (focused on himself)

>Pattie Turnus is ‘drawn on Homeric lines’ 

Quinn Turnus is ‘representing an older, individual heroism’

>he is motivated by Lavinia (reminds of Homeric heroes fighting over spoils/women- Ach x Briseus, Helen x Paris- γέρας) 

-Simile suggests flooding across the plain

>a natural, Homeric simile, reminds him of his status as a Homeric hero

Aeneas ‘the greatest of warriors’ 

-New war fare tactics 

>previously they fought openly, now they are staying in their walls- Turnus and his Homeric standards will view them as cowards

>Aeneas encouraged them to do this, they follow though experiencing shame 

>they are eschewing Homeric standards

-Turnus goes ahead of his men- homeric

>dressed with Golders plumes

>everyone follows him- he is a good hero- and they are amazed by the Trojans fair heartedness 

-Turnus in a fury FUROR is compared to a wolf in a sheep pen

>reminds of when Aeneas was compared to a wolf in Bk 2- motivated by furor

>in Bk 8 Aeneas has been heading towards Augustan ideals whilst others (Nisus +Eu) regress too

-Turnor’s implicit rage is made explicit through the image of him burning Aeneas’ ships

-Jupiter asks about whether they should give Aeneas so much help

>Tells Cybele that Aeneas’ ships should be protected the whole way 

>when they arrive in Italy they will become nymphs

-Omen, when the Rutulians try and burn them Cybele assures the Trojans they wont burn

>Italy’s magical aura is added to

-For the second time Tiber turns again out of fear

>Turnus does not fear

>he reinterprets the omens for their benefit- claims they are trapped and the Gods wish them to be dead

>he is dismissive of fate claiming they are satisfied

>he steers into the second Paris stereotype- claims they aim to steal all women

>claims he doesnt need divine aid or allies, he is good by himself, dig at Aeneas

>mocks Greeks for their sneaky strategy - plays into the Homeric image, he fights in the sight of all

>uber-homeric

>hes being a good leader- encouraging them to have a break 

-N+E are not Augustan heroes- they work in a Homeric passion 

>supposed to go on an Augustan mission but reject it for the sake of Kleos and battle

>youthful deaths- EU’s mother sees his head- war perverts natural horror

>usually Virgil’s attitude to war is that he doesn't like it but views it as necessary, but why here does he revel in the gory 

>reminds us of the Doloneia (Bk 10 slaughter of Dolon- people dont think it should have been a part of the Iliad) 

>it is a stand-alone episode with great intertextuality 

>homeric heroes are punished- when taking the spoils they are driven by Kleos and Nisus later is moved by love (and thus furor)- same with Camilla (distracted by spoils) and Turnus (who took spoils from Pallas and loves Lavina)

>>Homeric virtues are now vices

-Eu is attractive and young (before beard appears- eromenos), Nisus Erastes ‘ABOUT DOES EVERY MANS Irresistible desire become his god’ ‘pierced to the heart by a great love of glory’

-Eurya says he would gladly die for glory

-His mother is here- what?

-Like in Bk 10 there is a meeting? A council? Between leaders

-Illiadic frame of mind- rewarding people for heroic conduct from Ascanias (large plot of land, women war prisoners)

>may speak to his naivety

-Stand out moment of familial loyalty- EU’s mother followed him and he cannot bare to see her cry, asking Ascanias to comfort her

-Exact ref to Bk 10- specific allusion- Eu like Diomedes puts on a lion hide 

-The winds scatter the message from Iulus -pathetic fallacy

-Nisus compared to a lion in a den of sheep 

>he has become animalistic- classic Homeric simile, lapsed into Homeric archetype

-Showing the horrors of war (chopping of lolling heads) is taking on a Homeric voice (though may also showing war as unattractive and the errors of their ways)

-Eu kills ‘nameless’ men (he is receiving no glory from this)

hot for blood 

-Nisus observes Eu is being carried away by blood lust- emphasises how intense it is

-The heirlooms are passed from family to family by war- the armour that spells EU’s doom (caught glittering in the moonlight) like Camilla

>struggles to flee because he is weighed down by his booty

-Nisus chooses the most Homeric option- death in glory

>he makes a prayer

his only offence is to have loved the wrong friend too much

-Eu compared to a poppy whose head grows heavy in the rain

>Priam’s son in Iliad 8 was too compared to a poppy- direct reference- to Gorgythion 

-Nisus sends a spear through someone’s head- capacity of war to corrupt rationality

-Matches Phaedrus’ view in the symposium, if an army was made of lovers they’d never die or shame themselves- proven wrong 

>flower cut down links to Sappho and Pallas later- virginal young men are described as flowers, a comparison of beauty

-The lovers both dead on top of each other, overtaken by Homeric desire (potentially for each other eg Pat and Ach) and spoils of war

>Greek love is another throw back- not as central in Rome

-Break in moment of the poetic voice- apostrophe when Virgil says no one will forget their tale

-Homeric reference to dawn- links to his famous phrase rosy fingered dawn

-Retullians put their heads on sticks

-One of the most emotive moments, shared by a mother and her son

>rumour brings the tale to EU’s mother 

>she drops her spindle and runs with no thought for her danger, crying to the heavens and wishing he could have had a few last words

>her words broke the strength of the trojans

>high point of emotion in the Aeneid- ante ora parentum, the effect war has on non combatants highlights the horrors of war

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