APHUG Unit 4 Summary

4.1 Intro to Political Processes

A state needs 5 things (B.L.O.P.S.)

1. Boundaries

2. Land

3. Other state’s Recognition

4. Population

5. Sovereign Government

Vocabulary:

• Semi-autonomous - region with some autonomy, but having to follow federal law (Cherokee/Native Americans)

• Fully Autonomous - region with complete ability to govern itself within a state (ex. Hong Kong)

• Nationalism - shared sense of belonging, commonality, and pride.

• Political geography -

4.2 Political Processes

• Balkanization - the breaking up of a state (extreme form of Devolution)

• How did we get different states, when we started out as huge conglomerated empires?

  Processes for the division of states include…

Processes for the division of states include…

Vocabulary:

• Self Interest -

4.3 Political Power & Territoriality

• Political power - the ability of a state to assert power over people, land, and resources.

1. Shatter Belts:

   • states between two conflicting larger states that act as a buffer. These result in hot spots for violence and conflict. (ex. Yugoslavia)

     - OR -

   • Local conflicts over global ideas (ex. Vietnamese & Korean war, communism vs. democracy)

2. Choke Points: narrow passageways controlled by a specific state and lucrative for trade & resources. (ex. Suez Canal in Egypt)

How do States Exert Power Over States They Don’t Own?

• Neo Colonialism - (“new colonialism” money, politics, and culture used to control/pressure a country, based on colonialism roots and dependencies

• Shatter Belts - strategic areas important to conflicting powers (ex. Balkan states)

• Controlling Choke points - strategic value for trade (Iranian Strait of Hermiez)

4.4 Political Boundaries

• Territoriality - states have power, which extends across its expanse and connection to defend its boundaries. (more territory = more power)

• 6 types of Political Boundaries:

4.5 Function of Political Boundaries - How are Boundaries Created?

A boundary needs to be 4 things:

1. Definitional - borders are written in legal documentation/ treaties

2. Delimited - drawn borders on a map

3. Demarcated - borders are physically marked on earth (fences, pillars, and walls)

4. Administered - how the boundary is enforced and restricted (checkpoint, passports, open/closed borders)

• Border Disputes: (external)

  1. Definitional - over interpretation of the law (Argentina/Chile)

  2. Locational - over the demarcation change of the boundary (ex. Ukraine/Russia)

  3. Operational - over how the boundary is used, enforced, and administered (ex. Mexico/U.S.)

  4. Allocational - over access to natural resources that cross borders (Who has the rights?)

• Boundaries can be created by…

  1. DMZ - agreement between states for no military presence

  2. Policies - (ex. Berlin Conference)

• Sea Boundaries:

  1. UNCLOS - state has boundaries 12 miles off of coast

     • EEZ - rights to resource extraction in these zones (ex. South China Sea - extending territorial claims)

Vocabulary:

• Diplomatic = peaceful disagreement

• Contested =

• Insurgency =

4.6 Internal Boundaries

• Legislative = Senate + House of Reps.

  1. Redistricting: the House of Reps. process of drawing voting districtsd

  2. Gerrymandering: illegal practice of redrawing district to influence voting

     • Cracking - splitting up the opposition party, to weaken

     • Packing - compacting the opposition party into one district

Vocabulary:

• Census - tracks population every 10 years → creates need for redistricting + when population changes, representatives and needs change. A voter might feel misrepresented or like they’re voice isn’t heard.

• Reapportionment - process of reassigning representatives, based on population and after every census

4.7 Forms of Governance

Vocabulary:

• Contradictory Laws → ex. Marijuana

4.8 Defining Devolutionary Factors

• Devolution: political power is transferred from central to local governments.

7 FACTORS

1. Physical Geography - region of a state separated by some physical barrier → Friction of Distance (as distance increases, interaction decreased)

   • (EX. Philippines Muslim vs. Christian remoteness and treatment

2. Ethnic Seperatism - ethnic group within a state identifies more closely with their ethnicity, rather than the state in which they live. Anti-Nationalism and Self Determination.

   • (EX. Kurds and Native Americans)

3. Ethnic Cleansing - the state attempts to eliminate an ethnic group through mass imprisonment, expulsion, and mass killing.

   • (EX. Myanmar, Holocaust, Rwanda

4. Terrorism - sparking fear by violence on government and citizens to make a government change its policies

   • (EX.

5. Economic Problems - uneven development of a state → conflict of interest and feeling ignored

   • (EX.

6. Social Problems - divisions between people that have different languages, religion, and culture → causing conflict

   • (EX. Quebec and Canada)

7. Irredentism - movement of a culturally unified group of people that span across borders to become their own state.

   • (EX. Kurds)

4.9 Challenges to Sovereignty

• Sovereignty - state’s ability to govern itself without outside influence

  Effects of Devolution

  1. Fragmentation - splitting up of the state into…

     • autonomous regions

     • semi-autonomous

  2. Central government relinquishes power to lower governments

     • Canada -

     • Belgium South Walooms

     • Spain - democratic 7 regions

     • Nigeria - broken up into 36 states

  3. Disintegration of the state - dissolving of a state

     • Balkanization (ex. Yugoslavia) or Sudan + South Sudan

  4. Advancements in communication technologies (internet)

     • news and info spreads instantly (ex. North Korea)

       → ex. Arab Spring, organized protest against oppressive government on Facebook (pop-up protests)

  5. Supranationalism - belief in Supranational organizations

     • when independent sovereign states giving up power and freedoms to create global nations of bounded together states.

       • ex. UN (create diplomatic relations)

         • gives up sovereingty to follow other governent’s rules

  Causes and Continuation of Supranational Organizations:

Vocabulary:

4.10 Consequences of Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces

• Centrifugal - factors that force people apart:

• Centripetal - factors that pull people together:

Vocabulary:

• Nationalism - pride for nation/ethnic group

• Equitable - equal and fair

• Fragmentation -

30 Terms to Know:

• Buffer - state between larger states acting as buffer

• Warsaw pact - collective defensive treaty in Soviet Union

• Unitary - strong central govt. that has reigns ultimately supreme

• Terrorism - violence used by a group to intimidate and cause terror on govt. and citizens in order for policy changes

• Supranational organization - 3+ states for their mutual benefit

• Superimposed boundary - boundaries forced by outside forces

• Stateless Nation - lacking its own territory (ex. Kurds)

• Sovereignty - full power to govern itself w/out outside influence

• Rimland theory - if you control access to the sea, you control the heartland

• Relic boundary - boundary that is no longer around but still has effects

• Neo-Colonialism - a new form of colonialism where formerly colonized states still depend on their former colonizers to thrive (economy)

• Nation State - a country with a majority of one ethnic group (ex. Japan)

• Multi-national state - 2+ ethnic groups coexist peacefully

• Landlocked - a country is surrounded by land w/out access to the ocean

• Imperialism - extending power by acquiring territory for exploitation (ex. British in India and Pakistan)

• Gerrymandering - illegal practice of redrawing voting distrcit lines in order to influence voting outcomes

• Federal - power is shared between central govt. and regional govt.

• Exclave - a country seperated from the mainland (Alaska by Canada)

• Enclave - a country surrounded by another country (ex. Lesotho and South Africa)

• Genocide - systematic and deliberate attempt to eliminate an ethnic group by mass killing

• Domino Theory - once one country falls to communism the neighboring ones will too

• Democratic - citizens elect their leaders

• Communism - govt. controls all aspects of economy and politics

• Cold War - era of tensions after WW2 between USA and Soviet Union

• Centrifugal - force apart

• Centripetal - pull together

• Balkanization - when a state breaks apart due to conflict (ex. Yugoslavia)

• United Nations - largest supranantion organization