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Studied by 19 peopleNoteStudied by 8 peopleNoteStudied by 341 peopleNoteStudied by 22 peopleNoteStudied by 15 peopleNoteStudied by 95 people
nervous system 2425 for moodle pre session
Page 1: Title Slide
Nicholas de Mora-Mieszkowski
The Nervous System
AHP 401 Introduction to Life Sciences
Page 2: Learning Outcomes
Identify anatomical structures and components of the nervous system.
Describe physiological functions and mechanisms of the nervous system.
Explain physiology associated with the sensation of pain.
Discuss pathophysiological changes due to common illnesses, diseases, injuries, and conditions of the nervous system.
Page 3: Session Overview
Recap anatomy from pre-session activities.
Discuss physiological functions.
Examine physiology of pain.
Address muddiest points.
Review pathophysiological functional changes in common conditions/illnesses/injuries/diseases.
Page 4: Structures of the Nervous System
Cells and Tissues:
Neurones: Basic units of the nervous system conducting impulses.
Neuroglia: Supporting cells that provide insulation and support to neurons.
Central Nervous System (CNS):
Brain
Spinal Cord
Meninges & Cerebrospinal Fluid
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
Spinal nerves
Thoracic nerves
Cranial nerves
Autonomic nervous system
Page 5: Nervous Tissue
Neurones: Specialized cells conducting nerve impulses. Comprising a cell body, axon, and dendrites.
Neuroglia: Group of supporting cells that insulate and support neurons.
Page 6: Neuronal Structure
Dendrite: Receives signals from other neurons.
Nucleus: Control center of the cell.
Axon: Transmits impulses away from the neuron.
Cell Body: Contains the nucleus and organelles.
Myelin Sheath: Insulating layer around the axon.
Schwann's Cell: Cell forming the myelin sheath in the PNS.
Node of Ranvier: Gaps in the myelin sheath.
Axon Terminal: Endpoint of the axon where neurotransmitters are released.
Page 7: Synaptic Transmission
Nerve impulse travels along the axon of the presynaptic neuron.
Calcium ions (Ca2+) enter through voltage-gated channels.
Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
This opens sodium channels, generating a postsynaptic potential.
Nerve impulse is propagated in postsynaptic neuron.
Page 8: Neuromuscular Junction
Reference: Freed, DB (2018).
Discusses motor speech disorders regarding the functioning of the neuromuscular junction.
Page 9: Nerves and Connective Tissue
Endoneurium: Encloses individual axons.
Perineurium: Bundles axons into fascicles.
Epineurium: Surrounds the entire nerve.
Classification by function: Sensory/Afferent and Motor/Efferent nerves.
Page 10: Central Nervous System Overview
Components:
The Brain
The Spinal Cord
Page 11: Parts of the Central Nervous System
Central Sulcus: Major landmark separating brain lobes.
Cerebral Cortex: Surface layer of the cerebrum.
Choroid Plexus: Produces cerebrospinal fluid.
Thalamus: Relay station for sensory impulses.
Meninges: Protective coverings of the brain and spinal cord.
Page 12: Meninges Anatomy
Dura Mater: Tough outer layer.
Arachnoid Mater: Middle web-like layer.
Pia Mater: Delicate inner layer hugging the brain.
Page 13: Brain Lobes
Frontal Lobe: Involved in decision-making and motor functions.
Parietal Lobe: Processes sensory information.
Temporal Lobe: Associated with memory and auditory processing.
Occipital Lobe: Responsible for vision.
Page 14: Brain Structures
Primary Motor Area: Controls voluntary movements.
Somatosensory Area: Processes sensory inputs.
Wernicke's Area: Involved in language comprehension.
Broca's Area: Governs speech production.
Page 15: Brainstem and Cerebellum
Brainstem: Controls basic life functions (Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata).
Cerebellum: Coordinates movement and balance.
Page 16: Brain References
General structures of the brain and references for surgical care literature.
Page 17: Spinal Cord Structure
Ends at L1-L2 vertebrae.
Contains nerve roots and meninges structure during thoracic and lumbar levels.
Page 18: Spinal Cord Anatomy
Dorsal Horn: Receives sensory input.
Ventral Horn: Contains motor neurons.
Gray Matter: Contains neuron cell bodies.
White Matter: Composed of myelinated axons.
Page 19: Peripheral Nervous System Overview
Focus on functions and structure of the PNS.
Page 20: Cranial Nerves
Includes 12 paired cranial nerves, responsible for fundamental sensory and motor functions, including special senses and vital functions.
Page 21: Spinal Nerves
31 paired spinal nerves classification (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal).
Page 22: Plexuses
A plexus is a network of nerves.
Includes cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses (except thoracic).
Page 23: Cranial Nerves Functionality
Cranial nerves serve exclusive motor or sensory roles in different combinations.
Page 24: Peripheral Nervous System Types
Sensory (Afferent): Convey sensory information to CNS.
Motor (Efferent): Transmit motor commands from CNS.
Autonomic Nervous System: Divided into sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric systems.
Page 25: Physiological Functions
Overview of the physiological functions of the nervous system.
Page 26: Central Nervous System Functions
Detailed overview of vital functions performed by the CNS.
Page 27: Brain Function Localization
Specific areas of the brain associated with particular functions.
Page 28: Broca's Type Aphasia
Discusses implications of damage to Broca's area in language production.
Page 29: Broca's vs. Wernicke's Area
Comparison of functions between Broca's area (speech production) and Wernicke's area (language comprehension).
Page 30: Wernicke's Type Aphasia
Discusses implications of damage to Wernicke's area affecting comprehension.
Page 31: Hemispheres and Lateralization
Overview of the left and right brain hemispheres and their specialized functions.
Page 32: Predicting Language Outcomes After Stroke
Research and publications relating to language recovery post-stroke.
Page 33: Localization of Brain Functions
Review of specific brain areas associated with distinct functionalities.
Page 34: Brain Lateralization
Importance of lateralization in understanding brain function, with a warning against oversimplification.
Page 35: Basal Ganglia Structures
Overview of the basal ganglia and associated nuclei.
Page 36: Brainstem Components
Midbrain, Pons and their respective roles.
Page 37: Cerebellum Variations
Comparative anatomy of the cerebellum across species.
Page 38: Commissures and Decussation
Overview of pathways where nerve fibers decussate (cross over).
Page 39: Pyramidal Tract Overview
Description of the corticospinal tract and its significance in motor function.
Page 40: Spinal Cord Structures
Analysis of spinal cord anatomy including dorsal and ventral horns, gray and white matter.
Page 41: Peripheral Nervous System Functions
Summary of functions of the PNS.
Page 42: Functional Organization
Overview of somatic and autonomic systems in PNS.
Page 43: Somatic Nervous System
Involves conscious sensations and voluntary muscle movements.
Page 44: Autonomic Nervous System
Differentiates between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
Page 45: Autonomic Functions Overview
Overview of various autonomic functions.
Page 46: Plexus Overview
Insights into major nerve plexuses within the body.
Page 47: Cervical Plexus Overview
Mention of specific nerves and their functions.
Page 48: Cervical Nerve Functions
Overview of nerves derived from the cervical plexus and their roles.
Page 49: Reference Materials
Citation: Freed (2018), discussing motor speech disorders.
Page 50: Sensory Innervation by Spinal Nerves
Importance of sensory innervation in surgical procedures.
Page 51: Cranial Nerves Functions
Overview of cranial nerve functions including special senses and motor functions.
Page 52: Hemispheric Contributions to Motor Control
Discussion of upper and lower motor neuron lesions affecting facial nerve outcomes.
Page 53: Introduction to Pain
Overview of concepts concerning pain response.
Page 54: Definition of Pain
International Association for the Study of Pain: Defines pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience.
Key points on personal experience, learning pain, and pain reporting.
Page 55: Pain Classification System
Classification by region, duration, intensity, and causation.
Page 56: Pain Duration Classification
Acute Pain: Short-term, resolves with the underlying condition.
Chronic Pain: Long-lasting pain affecting quality of life.
Page 57: Pain Characteristics
Pain types include dull, burning, or sharp sensations.
Page 58: Nociception Overview
Defines nociceptors and their roles in pain detection from damaged tissue.
Page 59: Types of Nociceptors and Functions
Thermal, Mechanical, Chemical, Silent, Polymodal: Types based on stimuli response.
Page 60: Action Potential in Neurons
Overview of action potential generation in nociceptors.
Page 61: Pain Pathway
Overview of pathways involved in transmitting pain signals to the brain.
Page 62: Sharp Pain Process
Mechanism describing how sharp pain signals are transmitted to the brain.
Page 63: Dull Pain Process
Describes pathways involved in transmitting dull, burning pain signals.
Page 64: Key Pain Terms
Terms associated with pain perception and modulation in the nervous system.
Page 65: Pain Perception Theories
Gate Control Theory: Mechanism explaining how pain perception is modulated at various levels.
Page 66: Defibrillator and Referred Pain
Relevance in general medical procedures related to cardiac function.
Page 67: Integration in the Body
Discusses stress response, including functions of the sympathetic nervous system and neuroendocrine response.
Page 68: Break
Pause for refreshment and thought.
Page 69: Common Issues in Pain and Functional Disorders
Discusses common clinical presentations.
Page 70: Activity
Group discussion to review real-life examples of pain conditions.
Page 71: Example Case Study
Overview of a specific case related to nervous system health.
Page 72: Revisiting Learning Outcomes
Re-evaluation of expected learning outcomes for the session.
Page 73: Questions
Open floor for student questions and clarifications.
Page 74: Conclusion
End of session summary and information about the next class.
nervous system 2425 for moodle pre session
Page 1: Title Slide
Nicholas de Mora-Mieszkowski
The Nervous System
AHP 401 Introduction to Life Sciences
Page 2: Learning Outcomes
Identify anatomical structures and components of the nervous system.
Describe physiological functions and mechanisms of the nervous system.
Explain physiology associated with the sensation of pain.
Discuss pathophysiological changes due to common illnesses, diseases, injuries, and conditions of the nervous system.
Page 3: Session Overview
Recap anatomy from pre-session activities.
Discuss physiological functions.
Examine physiology of pain.
Address muddiest points.
Review pathophysiological functional changes in common conditions/illnesses/injuries/diseases.
Page 4: Structures of the Nervous System
Cells and Tissues:
Neurones: Basic units of the nervous system conducting impulses.
Neuroglia: Supporting cells that provide insulation and support to neurons.
Central Nervous System (CNS):
Brain
Spinal Cord
Meninges & Cerebrospinal Fluid
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
Spinal nerves
Thoracic nerves
Cranial nerves
Autonomic nervous system
Page 5: Nervous Tissue
Neurones: Specialized cells conducting nerve impulses. Comprising a cell body, axon, and dendrites.
Neuroglia: Group of supporting cells that insulate and support neurons.
Page 6: Neuronal Structure
Dendrite: Receives signals from other neurons.
Nucleus: Control center of the cell.
Axon: Transmits impulses away from the neuron.
Cell Body: Contains the nucleus and organelles.
Myelin Sheath: Insulating layer around the axon.
Schwann's Cell: Cell forming the myelin sheath in the PNS.
Node of Ranvier: Gaps in the myelin sheath.
Axon Terminal: Endpoint of the axon where neurotransmitters are released.
Page 7: Synaptic Transmission
Nerve impulse travels along the axon of the presynaptic neuron.
Calcium ions (Ca2+) enter through voltage-gated channels.
Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
This opens sodium channels, generating a postsynaptic potential.
Nerve impulse is propagated in postsynaptic neuron.
Page 8: Neuromuscular Junction
Reference: Freed, DB (2018).
Discusses motor speech disorders regarding the functioning of the neuromuscular junction.
Page 9: Nerves and Connective Tissue
Endoneurium: Encloses individual axons.
Perineurium: Bundles axons into fascicles.
Epineurium: Surrounds the entire nerve.
Classification by function: Sensory/Afferent and Motor/Efferent nerves.
Page 10: Central Nervous System Overview
Components:
The Brain
The Spinal Cord
Page 11: Parts of the Central Nervous System
Central Sulcus: Major landmark separating brain lobes.
Cerebral Cortex: Surface layer of the cerebrum.
Choroid Plexus: Produces cerebrospinal fluid.
Thalamus: Relay station for sensory impulses.
Meninges: Protective coverings of the brain and spinal cord.
Page 12: Meninges Anatomy
Dura Mater: Tough outer layer.
Arachnoid Mater: Middle web-like layer.
Pia Mater: Delicate inner layer hugging the brain.
Page 13: Brain Lobes
Frontal Lobe: Involved in decision-making and motor functions.
Parietal Lobe: Processes sensory information.
Temporal Lobe: Associated with memory and auditory processing.
Occipital Lobe: Responsible for vision.
Page 14: Brain Structures
Primary Motor Area: Controls voluntary movements.
Somatosensory Area: Processes sensory inputs.
Wernicke's Area: Involved in language comprehension.
Broca's Area: Governs speech production.
Page 15: Brainstem and Cerebellum
Brainstem: Controls basic life functions (Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata).
Cerebellum: Coordinates movement and balance.
Page 16: Brain References
General structures of the brain and references for surgical care literature.
Page 17: Spinal Cord Structure
Ends at L1-L2 vertebrae.
Contains nerve roots and meninges structure during thoracic and lumbar levels.
Page 18: Spinal Cord Anatomy
Dorsal Horn: Receives sensory input.
Ventral Horn: Contains motor neurons.
Gray Matter: Contains neuron cell bodies.
White Matter: Composed of myelinated axons.
Page 19: Peripheral Nervous System Overview
Focus on functions and structure of the PNS.
Page 20: Cranial Nerves
Includes 12 paired cranial nerves, responsible for fundamental sensory and motor functions, including special senses and vital functions.
Page 21: Spinal Nerves
31 paired spinal nerves classification (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal).
Page 22: Plexuses
A plexus is a network of nerves.
Includes cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses (except thoracic).
Page 23: Cranial Nerves Functionality
Cranial nerves serve exclusive motor or sensory roles in different combinations.
Page 24: Peripheral Nervous System Types
Sensory (Afferent): Convey sensory information to CNS.
Motor (Efferent): Transmit motor commands from CNS.
Autonomic Nervous System: Divided into sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric systems.
Page 25: Physiological Functions
Overview of the physiological functions of the nervous system.
Page 26: Central Nervous System Functions
Detailed overview of vital functions performed by the CNS.
Page 27: Brain Function Localization
Specific areas of the brain associated with particular functions.
Page 28: Broca's Type Aphasia
Discusses implications of damage to Broca's area in language production.
Page 29: Broca's vs. Wernicke's Area
Comparison of functions between Broca's area (speech production) and Wernicke's area (language comprehension).
Page 30: Wernicke's Type Aphasia
Discusses implications of damage to Wernicke's area affecting comprehension.
Page 31: Hemispheres and Lateralization
Overview of the left and right brain hemispheres and their specialized functions.
Page 32: Predicting Language Outcomes After Stroke
Research and publications relating to language recovery post-stroke.
Page 33: Localization of Brain Functions
Review of specific brain areas associated with distinct functionalities.
Page 34: Brain Lateralization
Importance of lateralization in understanding brain function, with a warning against oversimplification.
Page 35: Basal Ganglia Structures
Overview of the basal ganglia and associated nuclei.
Page 36: Brainstem Components
Midbrain, Pons and their respective roles.
Page 37: Cerebellum Variations
Comparative anatomy of the cerebellum across species.
Page 38: Commissures and Decussation
Overview of pathways where nerve fibers decussate (cross over).
Page 39: Pyramidal Tract Overview
Description of the corticospinal tract and its significance in motor function.
Page 40: Spinal Cord Structures
Analysis of spinal cord anatomy including dorsal and ventral horns, gray and white matter.
Page 41: Peripheral Nervous System Functions
Summary of functions of the PNS.
Page 42: Functional Organization
Overview of somatic and autonomic systems in PNS.
Page 43: Somatic Nervous System
Involves conscious sensations and voluntary muscle movements.
Page 44: Autonomic Nervous System
Differentiates between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
Page 45: Autonomic Functions Overview
Overview of various autonomic functions.
Page 46: Plexus Overview
Insights into major nerve plexuses within the body.
Page 47: Cervical Plexus Overview
Mention of specific nerves and their functions.
Page 48: Cervical Nerve Functions
Overview of nerves derived from the cervical plexus and their roles.
Page 49: Reference Materials
Citation: Freed (2018), discussing motor speech disorders.
Page 50: Sensory Innervation by Spinal Nerves
Importance of sensory innervation in surgical procedures.
Page 51: Cranial Nerves Functions
Overview of cranial nerve functions including special senses and motor functions.
Page 52: Hemispheric Contributions to Motor Control
Discussion of upper and lower motor neuron lesions affecting facial nerve outcomes.
Page 53: Introduction to Pain
Overview of concepts concerning pain response.
Page 54: Definition of Pain
International Association for the Study of Pain: Defines pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience.
Key points on personal experience, learning pain, and pain reporting.
Page 55: Pain Classification System
Classification by region, duration, intensity, and causation.
Page 56: Pain Duration Classification
Acute Pain: Short-term, resolves with the underlying condition.
Chronic Pain: Long-lasting pain affecting quality of life.
Page 57: Pain Characteristics
Pain types include dull, burning, or sharp sensations.
Page 58: Nociception Overview
Defines nociceptors and their roles in pain detection from damaged tissue.
Page 59: Types of Nociceptors and Functions
Thermal, Mechanical, Chemical, Silent, Polymodal: Types based on stimuli response.
Page 60: Action Potential in Neurons
Overview of action potential generation in nociceptors.
Page 61: Pain Pathway
Overview of pathways involved in transmitting pain signals to the brain.
Page 62: Sharp Pain Process
Mechanism describing how sharp pain signals are transmitted to the brain.
Page 63: Dull Pain Process
Describes pathways involved in transmitting dull, burning pain signals.
Page 64: Key Pain Terms
Terms associated with pain perception and modulation in the nervous system.
Page 65: Pain Perception Theories
Gate Control Theory: Mechanism explaining how pain perception is modulated at various levels.
Page 66: Defibrillator and Referred Pain
Relevance in general medical procedures related to cardiac function.
Page 67: Integration in the Body
Discusses stress response, including functions of the sympathetic nervous system and neuroendocrine response.
Page 68: Break
Pause for refreshment and thought.
Page 69: Common Issues in Pain and Functional Disorders
Discusses common clinical presentations.
Page 70: Activity
Group discussion to review real-life examples of pain conditions.
Page 71: Example Case Study
Overview of a specific case related to nervous system health.
Page 72: Revisiting Learning Outcomes
Re-evaluation of expected learning outcomes for the session.
Page 73: Questions
Open floor for student questions and clarifications.
Page 74: Conclusion
End of session summary and information about the next class.
NoteStudied by 19 peopleNoteStudied by 8 peopleNoteStudied by 341 peopleNoteStudied by 22 peopleNoteStudied by 15 peopleNoteStudied by 95 people