★ STAGE DIRECTIONS ★
Drama - Form of storytelling; performed on stage in front of an audience; involves dialogue, actions, and emotions to tell a story

ELEMENTS OF DRAMA
• Characters: The people or beings who take part in the story
• Plot: The sequence of events that make up the story
• Setting: The time and place in which the story occurs
• Dialogue: The spoken words of the characters
• Conflict: The problem or struggle that drives the story forward
• Theme: The central idea or message that the play explores

TYPES OF DRAMA
• Tragedy: Serious play that ends in disaster for the main character(s)
• Comedy: Humorous play with a happy ending, often featuring misunderstandings and light-hearted situations
• Tragicomedy: Blend of tragedy and comedy, combining serious and humorous elements
• Melodrama: Dramatic form characterized by exaggerated emotions, sensationalism, and simplified characters
• Farce: Comedic play characterized by exaggerated situations, physical humor, and mistaken identities

Playwright/Dramatist - Someone who writes plays

FATHER OF AMERICAN PLAYS Eugene O'Neill
Famous Plays: Long Day's Journey into Night and The Iceman Cometh

FATHER OF ENGLISH PLAYS William Shakespeare (Father of English drama)
Famous Plays: Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet and Macbeth

FATHER OF FILIPINO PLAYS Severino Reyes (Lola Basyang)
Famous Plays: Walang Sugat and Tanikalang Ginto

Stage Directions - Instructions for actors and stage crew regarding movements, actions, and placement on stage

THREE FUNCTIONS OF STAGE DIRECTIONS
1. Tells who should enter and exit the stage and when or how to enter and exit
2. Shows how actors should use stage props
3. Instruct actors when and how their dialogues should be spoken

★ ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE ★
Voice - Talks about whether the subject or the object or receiver performs the action or verb

Active voice - Shows that the subject does the action/verb; it is an active subject because it directly acts
- Active voice pattern: S (subject or name of a person or people) + V (one-word verb/action) + O (object or a thing or an animal)
E.g; Carlos (S) wrote (V) a poem (O) dedicated to his countrymen. Sally (S) likes (V) adobo (O). We (S) took (V) our sick dog (O) to the vet. Mona (S) remembers (V) her brother.

Passive voice - Shows that the object becomes the subject and the subject becomes the object by adding by before saying or writing it; verb/action is emphasized by changing its form to action to condition
- Passive voice pattern: S (a subject that is not a person/people) + auxiliary verb + past participle of the main verb (verb phrase or two-word verbs) + by the name of person/people (object/prepositional phrase)
E.g; A poem (S) dedicated to his countrymen was written (verb phrase) by Carlos (O). Adobo (S) is liked (verb phrase) by Sally (O). The dog (S) was taken (verb phrase) to the vet by us (O).

★ WRITING AN EXPOSITORY ESSAY ★
Expository essay - This type of essay where you explore an idea, use evidence to support it, and explain the idea clearly; you can do this by comparing, defining, giving examples, or showing how things are connected

Structure/Parts of a Three-Paragraph Expository Essay

1. Introduction - Has 5 parts.
a.) Begin with a catchy hook (question, quote, or factual statement)
b.) Follow with a clear thesis statement (a guide for the main idea)
c.) Provide relevant background info
d.) Include a purpose statement to explain what the essay will be all about and why it matters
e.) End with a transition sentence by connecting it to the body paragraph

2. Body - Focuses on one idea, connects to the thesis statement, provides evidence such as facts, examples, and citations like website links and writer’s name to avoid plagiarism, and adds a little bit of creativity to make it more engaging and readable

3. Conclusion - Reflect on the thesis based on the evidence given; keep it short, it has to make sense, and don't add new information; summarize based on what you wrote in the introduction and body

★ WRITING A CAPSULE BIOGRAPHY ★
Purpose: Provide inspiration, motivation, and encouragement; feel related to the famous person’s dreams and struggles; learn about the challenges that they have to overcome; learn about the difficult decisions and sacrifices they made, the transformation that they have undergone, and their victories and defeats

Biography - Also called capsule biography; nonfiction prose that details the life events of a certain important person based on facts

It came from Greek words such as “bio” which means life and “graphia” which means writing. Therefore it means, writing about life.

STEPS IN WRITING A CAPSULE BIOGRAPHY
1. Choose your subject
2. Research about your subject’s background; gather key details about your subject
3. Conduct an interview to find more information about your subject
4. Ask the right questions during the interview; get your subject to talk about themselves by asking open-ended questions
5. Decide which facts are most impressive based on your chosen theme
6. Begin with a good hook; can start with a question, quotation, or any interesting fact or little-known fact about the subject
7. Write it in the third person; use pronouns such as he, she, or they
8. Finish up your rough draft and do not forget to edit

★ SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PERFECT ★
Simple past tense - Indicates an action that happened at a definite time in the past
E.g; The barking kept me awake all night.

Past perfect tense - Indicates that two actions happened at different times in the past; earlier past action and it is formed by helping verb
Pattern: had + past participle of the main verb
E.g; Dodong had bathed in the creek before he came home.