Major Functions of the Respiratory System
Supplies body cells with oxygen (O2)
Disposes of carbon dioxide (CO2)
Key Terminology
Pulmonary Ventilation: Movement of air in and out of the lungs.
External Respiration: Gas exchange between air in the lungs and blood.
Internal Respiration: Gas exchange between blood and body cells.
Zones of the Respiratory System
Conducting Zone: Includes the pathways for air to enter (nose, trachea) but does not participate in gas exchange.
Respiratory Zone: Where gas exchange occurs (respiratory bronchioles and alveoli).
Serous Membrane
Name: Pleura
Structure: Consists of parietal pleura (lines thoracic cavity) and visceral pleura (covers lungs).
Histology of Structures
Trachea: Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, aids in filtering air.
Lung Tissue: Composed of alveoli surrounded by capillaries, facilitating gas exchange.
Main Functions:
Supplies organs with O2 and disposes of CO2.
Involves pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, and internal respiration.
Structure | Description | Function |
---|---|---|
External Nose | Visible part, supported by bone and cartilage, nostrils contain air. | Entrance for air into the respiratory system. |
Nasal Cavity | Lined with respiratory mucosa, has hard/soft palates. | Filters, warms, and moistens air; resonance for voice. |
Nasal Vestibule | Anterior nasal cavity area with glands and hair follicles. | Filters coarse particles. |
Nasal Septum | Formed by vomer, ethmoid bone, and cartilage. | Divides nasal cavity into left and right sides. |
Nasal Conchae | Superior, middle, and inferior projections from lateral walls. | Increase mucosal surface area for trapping particles. |
Posterior Nasal Apertures | Openings at the back of the nasal cavity. | Exit for air into the nasopharynx. |
Majors Divisions:
Nasopharynx: Air passage, lined with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium.
Oropharynx: Air and food passage, lined with stratified squamous epithelium.
Laryngopharynx: Connects to larynx and esophagus, participates in passage of air and food.
Pharyngotympanic Tube: Connects nasopharynx to middle ear, equalizes pressure.
Paranasal Sinuses: Infoldings of nasal cavity, lined by epithelium, act as resonance chambers.
Tube connecting laryngopharynx and trachea, made of cartilages including:
Thyroid Cartilage: Framework of larynx, known as Adam’s apple.
Cricoid Cartilage: Ring of cartilage below thyroid cartilage; connects to trachea.
Arytenoid Cartilages: Pyramid-shaped, anchor vocal cords.
Epiglottis: Elastic cartilage flap preventing food from entering trachea during swallowing.
Vocal Folds: True vocal cords that vibrate for sound.
Vestibular Folds: False vocal cords, protect vocal folds.
Branching Structure:
Primary Bronchi: Right and left primary bronchi enter lungs.
Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi: Branch into lobes of the lungs.
Tertiary (Segmental) Bronchi: Further divisions into bronchopulmonary segments.
Bronchioles: Smaller branches leading to alveolar ducts.
Terminal Bronchioles: Last portion of conducting zone, lead into respiratory bronchioles.
Respiratory Bronchioles: First area where gas exchange occurs.
Right Lung:
Comprises 3 lobes (Superior, Middle, Inferior).
Has horizontal and oblique fissures.
Left Lung:
Comprised of 2 lobes (Superior, Inferior).
Has 1 oblique fissure and a cardiac notch for heart accommodation.
Function: Serous membranes surrounding lungs.
Parietal Pleura: Lines thoracic cavity.
Visceral Pleura: Covers the lung surfaces.
Pleural Cavity: Space between pleurae filled with pleural fluid to reduce friction.
Trachea: C-shaped rings of cartilage; lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
Bronchioles: Walls made of smooth muscle and simple columnar or cuboidal epithelium without cartilage.
Activity 1: Identify respiratory system organs using various models.
Activity 3: Examine prepared tissue slides of trachea and lung, including identifying alveoli and pathologies.
EX 36 Pre-Lab Lecture
Major Functions of the Respiratory System
Supplies body cells with oxygen (O2)
Disposes of carbon dioxide (CO2)
Key Terminology
Pulmonary Ventilation: Movement of air in and out of the lungs.
External Respiration: Gas exchange between air in the lungs and blood.
Internal Respiration: Gas exchange between blood and body cells.
Zones of the Respiratory System
Conducting Zone: Includes the pathways for air to enter (nose, trachea) but does not participate in gas exchange.
Respiratory Zone: Where gas exchange occurs (respiratory bronchioles and alveoli).
Serous Membrane
Name: Pleura
Structure: Consists of parietal pleura (lines thoracic cavity) and visceral pleura (covers lungs).
Histology of Structures
Trachea: Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, aids in filtering air.
Lung Tissue: Composed of alveoli surrounded by capillaries, facilitating gas exchange.
Main Functions:
Supplies organs with O2 and disposes of CO2.
Involves pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, and internal respiration.
Structure | Description | Function |
---|---|---|
External Nose | Visible part, supported by bone and cartilage, nostrils contain air. | Entrance for air into the respiratory system. |
Nasal Cavity | Lined with respiratory mucosa, has hard/soft palates. | Filters, warms, and moistens air; resonance for voice. |
Nasal Vestibule | Anterior nasal cavity area with glands and hair follicles. | Filters coarse particles. |
Nasal Septum | Formed by vomer, ethmoid bone, and cartilage. | Divides nasal cavity into left and right sides. |
Nasal Conchae | Superior, middle, and inferior projections from lateral walls. | Increase mucosal surface area for trapping particles. |
Posterior Nasal Apertures | Openings at the back of the nasal cavity. | Exit for air into the nasopharynx. |
Majors Divisions:
Nasopharynx: Air passage, lined with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium.
Oropharynx: Air and food passage, lined with stratified squamous epithelium.
Laryngopharynx: Connects to larynx and esophagus, participates in passage of air and food.
Pharyngotympanic Tube: Connects nasopharynx to middle ear, equalizes pressure.
Paranasal Sinuses: Infoldings of nasal cavity, lined by epithelium, act as resonance chambers.
Tube connecting laryngopharynx and trachea, made of cartilages including:
Thyroid Cartilage: Framework of larynx, known as Adam’s apple.
Cricoid Cartilage: Ring of cartilage below thyroid cartilage; connects to trachea.
Arytenoid Cartilages: Pyramid-shaped, anchor vocal cords.
Epiglottis: Elastic cartilage flap preventing food from entering trachea during swallowing.
Vocal Folds: True vocal cords that vibrate for sound.
Vestibular Folds: False vocal cords, protect vocal folds.
Branching Structure:
Primary Bronchi: Right and left primary bronchi enter lungs.
Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi: Branch into lobes of the lungs.
Tertiary (Segmental) Bronchi: Further divisions into bronchopulmonary segments.
Bronchioles: Smaller branches leading to alveolar ducts.
Terminal Bronchioles: Last portion of conducting zone, lead into respiratory bronchioles.
Respiratory Bronchioles: First area where gas exchange occurs.
Right Lung:
Comprises 3 lobes (Superior, Middle, Inferior).
Has horizontal and oblique fissures.
Left Lung:
Comprised of 2 lobes (Superior, Inferior).
Has 1 oblique fissure and a cardiac notch for heart accommodation.
Function: Serous membranes surrounding lungs.
Parietal Pleura: Lines thoracic cavity.
Visceral Pleura: Covers the lung surfaces.
Pleural Cavity: Space between pleurae filled with pleural fluid to reduce friction.
Trachea: C-shaped rings of cartilage; lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
Bronchioles: Walls made of smooth muscle and simple columnar or cuboidal epithelium without cartilage.
Activity 1: Identify respiratory system organs using various models.
Activity 3: Examine prepared tissue slides of trachea and lung, including identifying alveoli and pathologies.