5.1 to 5.5 APES

5.1: The Tragedy of the Commons

1⃣ Tragedy of the Commons

📖 Definition: When people overuse and destroy shared resources because they only care about short-term benefits.

2⃣ Garrett Hardin

📖 Definition: The scientist who wrote about the Tragedy of the Commons in 1968.

3⃣ Commons

📖 Definition: Shared natural resources like air, oceans, forests, and fish populations.

4⃣ Overfishing

📖 Definition: Catching too many fish, leading to population decline.

5⃣ Deforestation

📖 Definition: Cutting down too many trees, destroying habitats and increasing CO₂.

6⃣ Overpopulation

📖 Definition: When too many people use up resources too fast.

7⃣ Poaching

📖 Definition: Illegally hunting animals, causing some species to go extinct.

8⃣ Fossil Fuel Pollution

📖 Definition: Burning oil, gas, and coal, which pollutes air and causes global warming.

9⃣ Groundwater Overuse

📖 Definition: Using too much underground water, so it dries up faster than it refills.

🔟 Habitat Destruction

📖 Definition: Destroying places where animals and plants live, making it hard for them to survive.

🌲 5.2: Clear-Cutting

1⃣ Clear-Cutting

📖 Definition: Cutting down all trees in one area at the same time.

2⃣ Habitat Loss

📖 Definition: When animals lose their homes because forests are cleared.

3⃣ Edge Effect

📖 Definition: The changes in conditions along the boundary of a forest when trees are removed.

4⃣ Tree Canopy

📖 Definition: The top layer of a forest that provides shade and protection for animals and plants below.

5⃣ Deforestation

📖 Definition: Turning forests into land for farming, cities, or industries by cutting down trees.

6⃣ Runoff

📖 Definition: Rainwater that carries soil and pollution into rivers and lakes.

7⃣ Soil Erosion

📖 Definition: When wind and water remove soil, making it hard for plants to grow.

8⃣ Carbon Sink

📖 Definition: Forests absorb CO₂, helping to fight climate change. When trees are cut, CO₂ levels rise.

9⃣ Sustainable Forestry

📖 Definition: Cutting trees in a way that lets the forest regrow and stay healthy.

🔟 Selective Cutting

📖 Definition: Only cutting certain trees, instead of clearing an entire area.

🌾 5.3: Agricultural & Green Revolutions

1⃣ Agricultural Revolution

📖 Definition: The time when people stopped hunting and started farming to grow food.

2⃣ First Agricultural Revolution

📖 Definition: When people learned to farm and domesticate animals thousands of years ago.

3⃣ Second Agricultural Revolution

📖 Definition: Happened during the Industrial Revolution (1700s–1900s), when machines made farming easier.

4⃣ Seed Drill

📖 Definition: A machine that plants seeds in neat rows, increasing efficiency.

5⃣ Third Agricultural Revolution

📖 Definition: The modern era of mechanized farming, GMOs, and synthetic pesticides.

6⃣ Green Revolution

📖 Definition: New technology in farming (fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crops) that increased food production.

7⃣ GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms)

📖 Definition: Plants or animals with DNA changes to make them grow faster or resist pests.

8⃣ High-Yield Crops

📖 Definition: Crops that produce more food per plant, helping to feed more people.

9⃣ Pesticides

📖 Definition: Chemicals that kill bugs and pests but can harm the environment.

🔟 Fertilizers

📖 Definition: Substances that add nutrients to soil to help plants grow.

🚜 5.4: Agricultural Practices

1⃣ Agricultural Productivity

📖 Definition: Producing more food with fewer resources.

2⃣ Desertification

📖 Definition: When farmland turns into desert due to overuse, drought, or deforestation.

3⃣ Overgrazing

📖 Definition: When animals eat too much grass, damaging the land.

4⃣ Organic Fertilizer

📖 Definition: Natural materials (like manure, compost) used to fertilize crops.

5⃣ Inorganic Fertilizer

📖 Definition: Man-made chemicals added to soil to help plants grow.

6⃣ Genetic Engineering

📖 Definition: Changing the DNA of plants and animals to improve their traits.

7⃣ Rangelands

📖 Definition: Open lands used for grazing animals like cattle and sheep.

8⃣ Slash-and-Burn Agriculture

📖 Definition: Cutting and burning forests to clear land for farming.

9⃣ Soil Erosion

📖 Definition: Wearing away of soil due to wind, water, or human activity.

🔟 Salinization

📖 Definition: Too much salt in soil, making it hard for plants to grow.

💧 5.5: Irrigation Methods

1⃣ Irrigation

📖 Definition: Artificially adding water to crops when rain isn't enough.

2⃣ Drip Irrigation

📖 Definition: Slowly dripping water directly to plant roots to reduce waste.

3⃣ Flood Irrigation

📖 Definition: Covering fields with water to soak the soil (wastes a lot of water).

4⃣ Furrow Irrigation

📖 Definition: Digging small channels next to crops and filling them with water.

5⃣ Spray Irrigation

📖 Definition: Using sprinklers to spray water over crops (loses water to evaporation).

6⃣ Waterlogging

📖 Definition: Too much water in the soil, drowning plant roots.

7⃣ Ditch Irrigation

📖 Definition: Water flows through dug-out trenches to reach crops.

8⃣ Groundwater Depletion

📖 Definition: Using up too much underground water faster than it can refill.

9⃣ Sustainable Irrigation

📖 Definition: Using water efficiently so it lasts longer for future farming.

🔟 Aquifers

📖 Definition: Underground layers of rock that store water for drinking and farming.