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UNIT A: Economics, Consumerism and Quality of Life

• Economic Terms to Know:

  • Boycotts: Refusals to buy goods or services to protest against companies or policies.

  • Capital: Wealth in the form of money or assets.

  • Central Planning: Government makes all economic decisions.

  • Collective Bargaining: Negotiation between employers and a group of employees.

  • Collectivism: Putting group goals above individual ones.

  • Common/Public Good: Resources and services provided for the benefit of all citizens.

  • Competition: Rivalry among businesses to attract customers.

  • Economic Development: Efforts to improve economic well-being and quality of life.

  • Economic Freedom: The ability to control one's own economic resources.

  • Economic Growth: Increase in the production of goods and services over time.

  • Economic Spectrum: Range of economic systems from pure capitalism to socialism.

  • Individualism: Prioritizing individual rights and interests.

  • Mixed Economy: Combination of private and public enterprise.

  • Necessities: Basic essential goods and services (e.g., food, shelter).

  • Publicly Owned: Owned by the government or state.

  • Quality of Life: Overall satisfaction with life, encompassing economic, social, and environmental factors.

UNIT B: Canada’s Federal Political System and Political Decision Making

• Political Concepts:

  • Accountability: Responsibility of government to its citizens.

  • Elections: Process by which citizens vote to choose their representatives.

  • Parliament: The supreme legislative body in Canada.

  • Political Candidates: Individuals running for political office.

  • Campaigning: Efforts to promote a political candidate or party.

  • Majority Government: A government formed by a political party that has more than half the seats.

  • Minority Government: A government in which a political party has less than half the total seats.

  • Official Opposition: The largest party that is not in government, responsible for holding the government accountable.

UNIT C: Individual and Collective Rights

• Rights to Understand:

  • Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Fundamental rights guaranteed to all Canadians.

  • Ethnocentrism: Belief that one's culture is superior to others.

  • Collective Rights: Rights held by a group rather than by individuals.

  • Fundamental Freedoms: Includes freedoms of expression, assembly, and religion.

  • Mobility Rights: Right to move freely within Canada and to reside in any province.

  • Equality Rights: Protection against discrimination on various grounds.

UNIT D: Immigration and Youth Justice

• Immigration Policies:

  • Classes of Immigrants: Economic, family class, refugees, etc.

  • Point System: A system to evaluate and qualify immigrants based on education, work experience, and language.

• Youth Justice Act: Governs the treatment of young offenders (ages 12-17).

  • Consequences: May vary from counselling to community service.

  • Role of Aboriginal Elders: They guide meaningful consequences in youth justice.

Economic Systems and Quality of Life

• Types of Economic Systems:

  • Mixed Economy: Combines elements of capitalism and government control.

  • Market Economy: Decisions are driven by supply and demand, with minimal government intervention.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Consumerism**

Opportunities of Consumerism:**

• Economic growth

• Job creation

• Improvement in quality of life through modern conveniences.

Challenges of Consumerism:**

• Environmental degradation

• Inequality in access to basic needs (like healthcare).

Advertising Techniques**

• Bandwagon Effect: Encourages joining trends.

• Emotional Appeal: Connects product with consumer emotions.

• Scientific Appeal: Uses data to persuade consumers.

Social Programs and Taxation**

• Health Care in Canada: Funded through taxes, not completely free.

• Employment Insurance: Supported by income deductions.

Government Watchdogs**

1. Media: Informs public about government actions.

2. Elections: Provides opportunity to change government through voting.

3. Opposition parties: Debate and scrutinize government legislation.

UNIT A: Economics, Consumerism and Quality of Life

Economic Terms to Know:

• Boycotts: Refusals to buy goods or services to protest against companies or policies, often aimed at bringing about social or political change. Examples include boycotts against companies engaging in unethical practices.

• Capital: Wealth in the form of money or assets that can be invested to produce goods and services. It can be categorized into various types, including financial capital (money available for investment) and physical capital (machinery, tools).

• Central Planning: A system where the government makes all economic decisions, determining what to produce, how to produce it, and who gets the products. This approach can lead to shortages and inefficiencies.

• Collective Bargaining: Negotiation process between employers and a group of employees (often represented by a union) aimed at establishing workplace standards and agreements, including wages, working conditions, and benefits.

• Collectivism: An ideology that prioritizes group goals over individual interests, often seen in political and economic systems that advocate for community ownership of resources.

• Common/Public Good: Resources and services provided for the benefit of all citizens, such as public parks, libraries, and clean air. Recognizing which goods are 'public' is essential for effective government policy.

• Competition: The rivalry among businesses to attract customers, which can stimulate innovation and improvements in quality and pricing. Healthy competition can lead to better consumer choices.

• Economic Development: Strategies and initiatives aimed at improving economic well-being and quality of life at a community or national level, encompassing job creation, skills development, and investment in infrastructure.

• Economic Freedom: The ability of individuals to engage freely in economic activities, including choosing how to spend, save, and invest their resources without undue interference.

• Economic Growth: Measured by the increase in a country's production of goods and services over time, typically assessed through metrics such as GDP (Gross Domestic Product).

• Economic Spectrum: The range of economic systems that exists from pure capitalism, where private ownership dominates, to socialism, where the government controls most resources and decisions.

• Individualism: A social theory that focuses on the rights and interests of individuals, promoting freedom of choice and individual autonomy.

• Mixed Economy: A blend of private and public enterprise, combining elements of capitalism with government regulation to address inequality and deliver public services effectively.

• Necessities: Basic essential goods and services that are crucial for survival and well-being, including food, shelter, clothing, and healthcare.

• Publicly Owned: Refers to resources or assets owned by the government or state, intended for public use and benefit, such as schools, roads, and hospitals.

• Quality of Life: A multidimensional concept that encompasses economic, social, and environmental factors contributing to overall satisfaction with life, including access to healthcare, education, leisure activities, and environmental quality.

UNIT B: Canada’s Federal Political System and Political Decision Making

Political Concepts:

• Accountability: The obligation of the government to be answerable to its citizens, requiring transparency in decision-making and responsiveness to public concerns.

• Elections: Democratic processes by which citizens vote to choose their representatives, shaping governance and policy direction through periodic ballots.

• Parliament: The supreme legislative body in Canada, consisting of the House of Commons and the Senate, responsible for making and passing laws, representing citizens, and overseeing government actions.

• Political Candidates: Individuals who run for political office in hopes of being elected to represent their constituents and implement policies that reflect their values.

• Campaigning: The organized effort to promote a political candidate or party, involving strategies such as fundraising, advertising, rallies, and voter outreach to secure electoral support.

• Majority Government: A government formed by a political party that wins more than half the seats in the legislature, allowing it to enact legislation with less opposition.

• Minority Government: A governing body in which a political party has less than half the total seats, necessitating negotiation with other parties to pass legislation.

• Official Opposition: The largest political party not in government, tasked with scrutinizing government actions and holding it accountable by proposing alternatives and questioning policies.

UNIT C: Individual and Collective Rights

Rights to Understand:

• Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms: A constitutional document that guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms to all Canadians, protecting individual liberties from government infringement.

• Ethnocentrism: A belief that one's own culture is superior to others, which can lead to discrimination and cultural conflicts. An awareness of diverse cultures is essential for fostering inclusivity.

• Collective Rights: Rights held by groups such as Indigenous peoples, linguistic minorities, and other communities, which recognize their unique status and need for protection within the legal framework.

• Fundamental Freedoms: Basic freedoms applied to all, including freedom of expression, assembly, and religion, forming the cornerstone of democratic society.

• Mobility Rights: The legal right of Canadians to move freely within their country and reside in any province or territory, enabling a diverse, connected society.

• Equality Rights: Protection against discrimination on various grounds, ensuring that all individuals have equal access to opportunities and rights regardless of race, gender, or creed.

UNIT D: Immigration and Youth Justice

Immigration Policies:

• Classes of Immigrants: Categories of immigrants such as economic immigrants, family class, and refugees, each with specific criteria and processes for entry into Canada.

• Point System: A structured framework used to evaluate and qualify prospective immigrants based on factors including education, work experience, and language proficiency, promoting skilled immigration.

• Youth Justice Act: Legislation that governs the treatment of young offenders (ages 12-17), focusing on rehabilitation rather than punishment, emphasizing reintegration into society.

• Consequences: Various outcomes that may arise from youth offenses, ranging from counselling to community service or, in severe cases, detention.

• Role of Aboriginal Elders: In the youth justice system, Aboriginal elders play a crucial role in guiding culturally appropriate and meaningful consequences, recognizing the importance of community in the rehabilitation process.

Economic Systems and Quality of Life

Types of Economic Systems:

• Mixed Economy: A system that combines elements of capitalism (private ownership and market-driven decisions) with government oversight, allowing for both economic freedom and social welfare.

• Market Economy: An economic system where decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are driven by supply and demand with minimal government intervention, fostering innovation and efficiency.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Consumerism**

Opportunities of Consumerism:**

• Economic growth: Increased consumer spending can lead to higher production levels, fostering economic growth.

• Job creation: Consumer demand drives businesses to hire more workers, contributing to lower unemployment rates.

• Improvement in quality of life through modern conveniences: The proliferation of consumer goods can enhance living standards through technological advancements and increased accessibility.

Challenges of Consumerism:**

• Environmental degradation: Excessive consumption often leads to resource depletion and ecological harm, raising sustainability concerns.

• Inequality in access to basic needs (like healthcare): Consumerism can exacerbate inequalities, with marginalized populations struggling to access necessary services.

Advertising Techniques**

• Bandwagon Effect: A psychological phenomenon that encourages individuals to adopt certain behaviors or products simply because others are doing so.

• Emotional Appeal: A marketing strategy that connects products with consumer emotions, designed to enhance brand loyalty through sentimental storytelling.

• Scientific Appeal: The use of data and statistics to support claims about a product, aiming to persuade consumers through perceived factual credibility.

Social Programs and Taxation**

• Health Care in Canada: Funded primarily through taxes, the Canadian healthcare system provides essential services to citizens, though it is not completely free due to additional costs borne by patients in certain situations.

• Employment Insurance: A social program supported by income deductions, designed to provide temporary financial assistance to unemployed workers while they seek new employment.

Government Watchdogs**

• Media: Plays a critical role in informing the public about government actions and policies, fostering transparency and accountability.

• Elections: Offer citizens the opportunity to change government through voting, ensuring leaders remain responsive to the needs of the populace.

• Opposition parties: Function as a check on government power by debating and scrutinizing legislation, representing views of constituents that may differ from those of the governing party.