C

Book IX Summary

Tyrannical Character

  • Book IX starts with a detailed depiction of the tyrannical individual, emphasizing psychological accuracy.
  • Socrates then addresses Glaucon's challenge from Book II through three arguments.

Argument 1: Five Cities and Character Types

  • Philosopher-kings are happiest and most just.
  • The ranking of virtue and happiness goes: timocrat, oligarch, democrat, and finally, tyrant (most unjust and wretched).

Argument 2: Tripartition of the Soul

  • Philosophers can better assess the pleasantness of their lives compared to those who love money or honor.

Argument 3: Metaphysical Theory of Pleasure

  • Philosophers experience truer and purer pleasures than those driven by money or honor.
  • The book concludes with a vivid portrayal of the unjust soul.

Desires

  • Some unnecessary pleasures and desires are lawless, typically suppressed by laws and reason but can emerge strongly in sleep.
  • Healthy individuals engage their rational side before sleep, moderating appetites and soothing their spirited part to grasp the truth better.

Evolution of a Tyrannical Man

  • A democratic man, influenced by sophisticated but immoral desires, balances between thrift and indulgence.
  • If this man's son is exposed to extreme lawlessness, he may develop an intense erotic love, leading to madness and tyranny.
  • This love destroys moderation, filling him with imported madness.

Characteristics of a Tyrannical Man

  • Driven by erotic love, he pursues feasts, luxuries, and girlfriends, leading to financial ruin and violence.
  • He will steal and use force against his parents, and disregard traditional values.
  • He is controlled by anarchy and lawlessness, driven by erotic love to sustain himself and his unruly desires.

Tyranny in a City

  • If only a few tyrannical men exist, they may become mercenaries or bodyguards for other tyrants.
  • If numerous, they create a tyrant, the most tyrannical of all, enslaving his fatherland and seeking constant obedience.

The Tyrant's Nature

  • A tyrannical person lacks true friends, is always a master or a slave, and is untrustworthy and unjust.
  • His life is a continuous nightmare, becoming more wretched the longer he rules.

Tyrant vs. King

  • A city ruled by a tyrant is the worst, while one ruled by a king is the best.
  • A tyrant's soul is enslaved, unable to do what it wants, filled with disorder and regret.
  • Tyrants are fearful, poor, and given to lamentation.

The Actual Tyrant

  • The tyrant who gains actual power is even more wretched than the private man.
  • He is like a prisoner, unable to travel or enjoy freedom, constantly surrounded by enemies.
  • The tyrant is a slave to his desires, envious, unjust, and friendless.

Ranking of Rulers

  • The king is the best, most just, and happiest, while the tyrant is the worst, most unjust, and most wretched.

Three Parts of the Soul

  • Corresponding to the three parts of the soul (learning, spirit, appetite) are three types of people: philosophic, victory-loving, and profit-loving, each with distinct pleasures.
  • Philosophers have the most experience of all pleasures and are the finest judges.

True vs. Untrue Pleasures

  • Pleasures apart from those of a knowledgeable person are untrue and impure, like shadow paintings.
  • The absence of pain isn't pleasure and vice versa; calm is intermediate.
  • Most bodily pleasures are relief from pain.
  • Those inexperienced in truth hold unsound opinions and are deceived by comparing pain to painlessness.

Care of the Soul vs. Body

  • Fillings of the soul are superior to those of the body.
  • Those without reason or virtue are stuck in a cycle of mixed pleasures and pains, like cattle.

The Philosophic Soul

  • Desires following knowledge and reason attain the truest pleasures.
  • When the philosophic part leads the soul, there is justice and true pleasure.
  • The tyrannical desires are furthest from reason, making the tyrant's life most unpleasant.

Comparison of King and Tyrant

  • A tyrant is three times three times removed from true pleasure (image of tyrannical pleasure is a plane figure).
  • A king lives 729 times more pleasantly and a tyrant the same amount more wretched.

Image of the Soul

  • The soul is portrayed with: a multi-headed beast, a lion, and a human.
  • Injustice makes the beast and lion strong, while starving the human; justice ensures the human rules, domesticating the beast and befriending the lion.

Justice vs. Injustice

  • Justice ensures the human within has the most control. Praisers of justice speak truly regarding pleasure, reputation, and advantage.

Conventions of Fine and Shameful

  • Fine actions subordinate beastlike parts to the human/divine; shameful enslave the gentle to the savage.
  • Unjustly acquired wealth enslaves the best part of oneself to the most vicious.

Harmony of the Soul and Body

  • A person of understanding values studies producing a harmonious soul.
  • Harmony of the body is cultivated for the sake of the soul.
  • Both increase and expenditure of wealth is regulated by the constitution within.

Politics

  • Such a person participates willingly in politics of a city based on theory.
  • The aim is to be a citizen of a heavenly city, regardless of its existence on earth.