Connole History Midterm

Great Britain set up colonies in the Americas to make money

As exports from the 13 Colonies to Britain became prosperous, more people had families/moved

Colonial/British relations soured as British neglected the latter for decades before strictly overseeing them

Native Americans were pushed into French lands by colonial expansion

Natives and French both disliked British, so they allied together in the French-Indian War against colonists

Colonists won the war and wanted to move west after the Treaty of Paris

King George III announced the Proclamation of 1763, allowing colonists to move west but not letting them take native lands

Britain imposed taxes on colonists to pay for their protection, angering the colonists

The Declaration of Independence, written mostly by Thomas Jefferson, demanded that Americans be given rights or declared independent

After the British refused, the American Revolution was started and won by the colonists, with George Washington as their leader

Daniel Shays arranged an army of angry farmers known as Regulators in protest of higher taxes by the American government to pay off the war and started Shays’ Rebellion in western Massachusetts, but amounted to nothing as Shays was captured

The Articles of Confederation attempted to set up a new government, but the lack of federal power and difficulty of amending it made the document weak and ineffective

People went to Philadelphia Convention/Constitutional Convention to draft the new Constitution, giving more power to the federal government and making amendments easier

While states sectionally preferred equal or proportional representation based on their population, the Constitution compromised by having both the Senate to satisfy smaller states and House of Representatives to satisfy larger states

Because of his popularity from leading the American Revolution, George Washington (1789-1797) was unanimously elected as the first President of the new nation

George Washington (1789-1797) was unanimously elected as the first president of the U.S.

Washington passed the Judiciary Act of 1789, establishing 13 new federal courts (one for each state), and 3 appeals courts (north, middle, and south)

Washington formed the Cabinet of advisors, featuring Secretaries of State (Thomas Jefferson), War (Henry Knox), Treasury (Alexander Hamilton), and an Attorney General (Edmund Randolph)

The Hamilton vs. Jefferson rivalry was started by Hamilton’s proposal of chartering a national bank, causing a debate over the strict vs. loose interpretation of the Constitution

Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and strict interpretationists gave in once the U.S. capital was moved to Washington D.C., allowing the chartering the First National Bank

Hamilton’s strong central government views started the Federalist party, while Jefferson’s strong state government views started the Democratic-Republican party

Hamilton increased taxes on whiskey to provoke farmers to start the Whiskey Rebellion, which was quickly crushed by strong federal militia in a great show of federal power

French envoy Edmond Genȇt tried to regain American support for French Revolution, which had fallen after the control of the radical Jacobins

Jefferson resigned from Cabinet after being accused of supporting France and his persistent feud with Hamilton

Spain, fearing British/American attack on territory due to their alliance with France, signed Pinckney’s Treaty with U.S. minister to Britain Thomas Pinckney and offered all land east of Mississippi except Florida

Britain illegally held forts in what is now Ohio and supported Native American resistance to American expansion

War broke out, where Americans fought against British-supported Natives led by Chief Little Turtle

The natives were winning until the U.S. installed General Anthony “Mad Anthony” Wayne, whom Little Turtle was so concerned with that he urged the other chiefs to make peace with the Americans

The chiefs disagreed with Little Turtle and kicked him out of his leadership position, only to get destroyed by Anthony Wayne at the Battle of Fallen Timbers and lose the war

The Treaty of Greenville forced natives out of what is now Ohio in exchange for annual payments, which the Americans never ended up giving to them

Jay’s Treaty forced Britain out of their forts, but still let them trade 

Geroge Washington left office due to his dislike of political parties, allowing John Adams (1797-1801) to be elected

The election of 1796 was sectionalist, as the North voted for Adams and the South voted for Jefferson

To stop French impressment of U.S. ships, the U.S. sent three delegates to talk to French foreign minister Talleyrand but were stopped by three officials who demanded a ridiculous amount of money, known as the XYZ Affair

Fearing French spies, Adams passed the Alien and Sedition Acts, the former making immigrants have to wait longer to become citizens and allowing the president to deport them at will, and the latter allowing the president to jail people who criticized the government

Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson and James Madison nullified the laws in Kentucky and Virginia respectively, calling them a violation of the 1st Amendment

French/American relations improved after death of Washington, as Napoleon felt bad for Americans losing their venerated leader

In the election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr both received the same number of electoral votes and the vote was pushed to the House of Representatives

After Alexander Hamilton convinced House members to cast blank votes, Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) was elected as the third president

The 12th Amendment was passed to separate presidential and vice presidential elections

Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr dueled, leading to Hamilton’s death, and thus leading to a massive decline of support in Federalism

During his presidency, Jefferson got rid of the First National Bank and generally took measures to lessen government spending costs when possible and reduce government influence

The validity of Adam’s federalist midnight judges created by the Judiciary Act of 1801 was questioned by Jefferson and Madison, causing Marbury v. Madison once one would-be judge sued

Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Judiciary Act of 1789, which stated that the Supreme Court could order lower courts to do things, such as provide the papers the midnight judges needed to become official judges, was unconstitutional

Marshall also ruled that the Supreme Court was allowed to call laws unconstitutional, which became known as judicial review

James Monroe went to Napoleon for territory in New Orleans and Western Florida, and ended up getting a massive chunk of land via the Louisiana Purchase, which Jefferson supported despite his old strict-interpretationist views

The Corps Of Discovery led by Lewis and Clark went to explore the newly acquired territory with Sacagawea as their guide

Because of British impressment and the killing of Americans on the Chesapeake, Jefferson passed the Embargo Act of 1807 that cut off trade and relationships with other countries

After James Madison (1809-1817) was elected, the Embargo Act was lifted, but not before merchantry had severely declined in popularity

General William Henry Harrison tried to convince natives to give up land for money, angering Shawnee chief Tecumseh and his brother The Prophet

While Tecumseh was away trying to find other tribes to join his confederacy of rebelling tribes, The Prophet attacked William Henry Harrison and his troops

William Henry Harrison led the troops that burned down the Shawnee capital, causing him to grow very popular

After the British were exposed for supporting the Native confederacy, Congressmen referred to as War Hawks rallied for war against Britain

The War of 1812 began between British/Natives and Americans, but native support declined when Tecumseh died

The two sides signed the Treaty of Ghent, establishing an armistice and paving the pathway for reopening trade

A couple weeks later General Andrew Jackson completely dominated a pointless battle, causing a surge in his popularity

The Industrial Revolution started after British immigrant Samuel Slater memorized the design of a thread machine and immigrated to U.S to replicate it

Rhode Island’s Slater's Mill was the first factory in the U.S., but was only able to produce thread

A mill opened in Waltham, MA by Francis Cabot Lowell, Nathan Appleton, and Patrick Tracy Jackson that fully mechanized the textile production process

A larger mill opened in Lowell, MA, funded by the profits of the Waltham Mill

The decline of merchantry caused to North to shift its focus to the growing presence of industrialization and factories

Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, making short staple cotton profitable to grow

In response, Southern farmers created plantations and used many slaves to cultivate the cotton

The hellhole around the Mississippi River in Mississippi and Tennessee had the highest slave density, due to the river helping sustain cotton growth

The West grew food, as the North and South had other primary focuses

To connect the newly differentiated economic systems, President James Madison (1809-1817) proposed the American System

The American System, supported by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, was a trade pattern that benefited all sections of the country while making the United States more economically independent

• A protective tariff was placed every four years on textiles to gain money from foreign imports

• Money gain from the tariffs was put towards transportation improvements, such as roads and canals

• Transportation systems allowed for manufacturing within the U.S. to expand, as raw materials could travel northward and eastward more easily

• Transportation also allows more manufactured goods to travel back southward and westward for use by farmers producing raw materials

Madison proposed the Tariff of 1816, which the South objected to due to the subsequent rise in costs of goods until Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun were able to sway votes in favor of it

The success of the American System in the North allowed for railroad and canal projects to flourish, alongside bigger projects such as the National Road or the Erie Canal

Operation of the American System required the creation of the Second National Bank to allow for the tariff to be collected, which was chartered by Madison after the sloppy funding of War of 1812 highlighted its necessity

James Monroe (1817-1825) became the fifth president, and presided over the Era of Good Feelings

In the 1824 election, Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but lost the House vote to the sixth President John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)

Speaker Henry Clay supported Quincy Adams’s presidency, and Quincy Adams appointed Clay as his Secretary of State, angering Jackson and his supporters and accusing them of corruption

Andrew Jackson stole the Democratic-Republican name for himself, which later shortened down to the Democratic Party, forcing the former Democratic-Republicans to rebrand to the Whig Party

After Quincy Adams’s voting rights expansion gave non-property owning white men the right to vote, Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) won the election to become the seventh President

Jackson’s Spoil System imposed term limits on federal workers and replaced Quincy Adams’s Whig workers with his own Democratic-Republican supporters

Fluoride Calhoun resented Peggy Eaton, a friend of Jackson’s, and told other women to hate as well

These women told their husbands to hate Peggy as well, many of whom were members of Jackon’s Cabinet

The hatred of his new friend upset Jackson, leading him to create a Kitchen Cabinet of his friends to advise him instead

Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830, forcing Native Amercians off of their land as an alternative to being killed in droves by the government

After getting a case rejected by John Marshall, the Cherokee tribe teamed up with missionary Samuel Austin Worcester to legally fight against removal

Although Worcester v. Georgia ruled in favor of the Cherokee, Jackson forced them out anyways

Cherokee leader John Ross tried to rebel, but Cherokees that were fine with relocation were chosen as representatives to sign the Treaty of New Echota, which gave Natives land and money to move away from their homes on the east of the Mississippi River

More protective tariffs were passed 4 years after each each other, in 1820, 1824, and 1828

In order to win back support of his constituents, Vice President John Calhoun called the Tariff of 1828 the Tariff of Abomination and accused it of draining money from South to feed to North

Calhoun secretly wrote “The South Carolina Exposition”, in which he corroborated Jefferson’s and Madison’s concept of states nullifying laws they didn’t like, and seceding if they weren’t allowed to

Robert Hayne and Daniel Webster debated against for the tariffs, respectively

Tensions rose between Jackson and Calhoun, causing the latter to resign from vice presidency and the former to pass the Force Bill of 1833 to legally be able to invade South Carolina if they disobeyed the Tariff of 1832 (relevant image below)

Henry Clay temporarily deescalated the situation by proposing a tariff that grew laxer over 10 years

In an attempt to weaken support for Jackson, Henry Clay and Daniel Webster brought up the rechartering bill for the Second National Bank to make Jackson look bad for rejecting it

Jackson rejected the rechartering, but was able to convince the public that the bank was corrupt due to the profiting of stockholders and lowered interest rates for Congresspeople

Jackson redirected the money in the 2nd National Bank to state-operated “pet banks” that were loyal to Jackson’s Democratic-Republicans

Nicholas Biddle tried to save support for rechartering by calling in loans to be paid immediately, which instead turned the public against the 2nd National Bank to such a great extent that it went out of business

Having accomplished his goals as President, Jackson stepped down from his role to allow his former running mate Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) to run and beat the still-disorganized Whigs and become the 8th President

Pet banks that printed too much paper money became known as Wildcat Banks made the Treasury Department to start accepting only silver or gold currencies, causing the economic disaster known as the Panic of 1837

Despite President Van Buren’s best attempts, his solutions to solve the Panic of 1837 backfired

President Van Buren’s decreased popularity allowed William Henry Harrison (1841) to be elected as the 9th President

William Henry Harrison attempted to revive the economy with Whig policies, but his death only a few weeks into his first term made his Vice President John Tyler (1841-1845) the 10th President

John Tyler, put on the ballot to attract Southern votes and referred to as “His Accidency”, opposed Henry Harrion’s Whig programs for economic recoveries

Secretary of State John Quincy Adams signed three nationalist treaties to expand U.S. territory and solidify its borders

The Rush-Bagot Treaty with Britain took military vessels out of the Great Lakes and demilitarized the U.S.-Canada border

The Convention of 1818 with Britain extended the Northern U.S. border to the Rocky Mountains and started a 10-year joint occupation of the Oregon Territory

Spain gave Florida to the U.S. in the Adams-Onís Treaty, but under the condition that the U.S. would never cross into Spanish land in the Americas

The possibility of Missouri’s statehood was influenced by the balancing of slave/anti-slave states, and hindered by Southern opposition to Congressman James Tallmadge’s bill to make it a free state

Henry Clay proposed the Missouri Compromise, making Missouri a slave state but anything above its southern border a free State, leaving only the Arkansas Territory for slave states

President James Monroe (1817-1825) included the Monroe Doctrine in his 7th annual address to Congress, expressing his desire for foreign countries to stay out of the Americas and for the U.S. be as passive - but diplomatic - to Europe as they could to best avoid war and conflict

The U.S. began to economically shift from self-sufficient farming - where one makes everything they needed themself - to the Market Revolution, a capitalistic system where entrepreneurs specialized in the production of a few goods/services and bought everything they didn’t have in a market with government regulations, but not control

As industrialization/market grew, Northern inventions did too; vulcanized rubber by Charles Goodyear, the sewing machine by Elias Howe, the foot treadle by I.M. Singer, the telegraph and morse code by Samuel F.B. Morse, the steamboat by Robert Fulton, the steel plow by John Deere, and the mechanical reaper by Cyrus McCormick were all created

The National Road and Erie Canal were two massive industrial projects to interconnect the growing United States

One magazine used the term Manifest Destiny to describe the religious desire of many Americans to move west for land, prosperity, conversion of natives, or simply the sake of exploration

The Black Hawk War was started by Sauk Chief Black Hawk in Illinois, who claimed a prophet saw him taking back land from the U.S.

The rebellion was very quickly struck down by the Illinois militia, resulting in the Treaty of Fort Laramie where Natives were pushed west of the Rocky Mountains, were given money, and told not to rebel for the U.S. to promise not to cross into the Black Hills - which they did anyway

Mountainmen such as fur trappers or miners moved west for resources and their trades, and after the collapse of the fur trade settled down into communities that didn’t have much of a desire to politically obey the government

The Sante Fe Trail was primarily used by Americans who wanted to trade with Mexico

The Oregon Trail that went to Willamette Valley was traveled by a variety of groups, such as missionaries like Marcus and Narcissa Whitman who aimed - and often failed - to convert natives to Christianity

The Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (MCJCLDS) traveled West to avoid religious persecution, settling in Nauvoo, IL

Their leader Joseph Smith was killed by an angry mob after he destroyed the printing press in response to an insult in the newspaper

Brigham Young was then appointed leader, and directed the MCJCLDS west until they reached Salt Lake City, UT

Britain and U.S. resolved border disputes in Maine and Montana with the Webster-Ashburton Treaty

While James Polk called for occupation of the entire Oregon Territory, Britain left after the decline of fur trade and the northern border was set at the 49th parallel due to quality of farmland

The Spanish missionary system declined after Mexico won independence from Spain, leaving a surplus of empty land

Rebellion against slavery by the Comanche and Apache Natives caused Mexican empresarios to grant land to Americans in turn for defense from Natives

Mexico closing its borders/imposing taxes on American goods to lessen immigration due to culture shift and debate over slavery caused prominent empresario Stephen F. Austin to petition for Texan independence, in turn causing Mexican President Antonia Lopez de Santa Anna to suspend the Mexican Constitution and jail him

Texans who heard of the arrest were infuriated, and sparked rebellions that amounted to the Texas Revolution

Despite some victories from Santa Anna in the Texan Revolution like at the Alamo, Sam Houston’s army of revolters was able to defeat the Mexican Army, resulting in the Treaty of Velasco that granted Texas independence

Sam Houston was the President of Texas in the short time before it got annexed by the U.S.

11th President James K. Polk (1845-1849) supported war with Mexico to expand Texan border to Rio Grande and acquire California and New Mexico

Emissary John Slidell was turned down by the Mexican government to discuss Polk’s wishes, so three people were sent; John C. Frémont led an expedition to California, Colonel Stephen Kearny marched his men from Kansas to Sante Fe, and General Zachary Taylor traveled to the Rio Grande to blockade it - but was attacked by Spanish soldiers

Despite Abraham Lincoln’s Spot Resolution that questioned Polk’s claims about the Mexican/American conflict, the President was able to convince Congress to declare the  Mexican-American War - to the slavery-supporting South’s happiness and the slavery-opposing North's dismay

After wealthy New Mexicans surrendered to Kearny without a fight, he, Frémont, and naval officer John D. Sloat took California

President Polk brought Santa Anna back from exile under the promise of ending war, but was betrayed by the Mexican General, who in turn lost badly at Buena Vista

Captains Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant and Generals Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor were able to defeat the Mexican army, leading to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in which Polk’s Texan border wishes were solidified, California and New Mexico were given to the U.S., and the large territory of the Mexican Cession was bought by the U.S.

14th President Franklin Pierce (1853-1857) told Emissary James Gadsden to make the Gadsden Purchase and finalize the Arizona border

James Marshall discovery of gold in Sutter’s Mill sparked the Gold Rush in California

The Second Great Awakening was the spreading of the ideology that people were responsible for doing good deeds to achieve salvation, rather than it being predetermined

Priests such as Charles Grandison Finney were at the forefront of revivalism, or the idea that people should become more closely connected to their faith

Upset by the segregation and discrimination of white churches, black people attended the African Methodist Episcopal Church founded by Richard Allen and its yearly conventions that blended Christianity with anti-slavery

Ralph Waldo Emerson led the nature-loving lifestyle of transcendentalism, while his friend Henry David Thoreau practiced civil disobedience by living in his self-built cabin in Walden Woods and not paying taxes

Unitarianism, an idea similar to revivalism but focused on logic rather than faith, became more popular - particularly in New England

Some people inspired by the Second Great Awakening attempted to create utopian communities, such as New Harmony, IN and Brook Farm, MA, the latter of which was created by transcendentalist George Ripley

However, the communities always ended up failing after a few years because “not a lot of people like to share all that much” - Mr. Connole responding to my peardeck question

Based on the teachings of Ann Lee, the utopian community of the Shakers refrained from things like marriage and children to focus their lives on equality and religion 

Dorothea Dix observed mentally ill people from a Massachusetts jail, and tried to talk the government into reforming the poor system

Although Dix was initially called a liar, support from some guy convinced the MA government to pass to improve prison conditions and for 9 Southern states to create mental hospitals

Despite some pushback, Horace Mann became the first Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education to reform the unmaintained school system

Mann improved conditions and laws in MA schools, which eventually led to every state having state-funded elementary schools

Prominent abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison started The Liberator newspaper and formed the New England Anti-Slavery Society and American Anti-Slavery Society to express and spread anti-slavery ideals

Free black man David Walker called for slave revolutions, to very little effect

Because of his reading and writing skills, escaped slave Frederick Douglass was appointed by Garrison to be a speaker for the American Anti-Slavery Society and started The North Star newspaper

Believing he had received an instruction by God, slave Nat Turner led a brief revolt against white slave owners before getting captured and hung

Nat Turner’s Rebellion caused John Floyd to try - but fail - to emancipate Virginian slaves, while Southern states passed slave codes that further diminished the rights of all black people

Prolonged petitioning by abolitionist groups caused Congress to pass an 8-year gag rule that prohibited the discussion of slavery by threatening to censure - or threaten to kick out - Congresspeople 

Inspired by the Second Great Awakening, women began to fight against the Cult of Domesticity, or the tradition where a woman’s role in life was to stay at home and take care of the house and kids

Angelina and Sarah Grimké wrote about poor living conditions for women; the former fought against the “happy slave” myth of the south, while the latter complained about poor education opportunities for women

Women led the Temperance Movement against alcohol, forming the American Temperance Society that greatly lessened alcohol use while minister Lyman Beecher spoke against liquor

To offer women more educational opportunities, Emma Willard opened the Troy Female Seminary, Mary Lyon opened the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, Ohio’s Oberlin College became the first to open its doors to men and women, and Prudence Crandall opened a girl’s school that closed down after the admission of a black girl and the restriction of the school to only black girls

Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman to graduate medical college, opened the Infirmary for Women and Children

Other influential women included Lyman Beecher’s daughter Catharine Beecher, who discovered sickness in 3 in 4 women, and Amelia Bloomer, a temperance newspaper publisher that kickstarted the trend of women wearing pants

At the Seneca Falls Convention in New York, founders Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott led a group of women that wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which demanded for women’s rights in the same way Declaration of Independence did for the rights of colonists

Many issues discussed during the convention were agreed upon unanimously, but the right to vote was opposed by many people, including a lot of women

Despite unease from women’s rights groups, free black woman Sojourner Truth argued for both the rights of women and slaves with great success