hist 1020 exam 1

Ming and Qing china

Ming dynasty (1368-1644)

The dynasty followed many years of mongol rule under the Yuan Dynasty 

The years of the Yuan dynasty included the origins of bubonic plague and black death epidemic that eventually swept through europe. Began in China around 1330-1340.

This plague was accompanied by other famines and natural disasters which convinced ppl the Mandate of Heaven was lost 

Zhu Yuanzhang was born a poor peasant and was orphaned as a child. 

As he grew into adulthood he began amassing supporter and eventually captured the major city of Nanjing in 1356 making it his capital

In 1368 he claimed the mandate of heaven after capturing the Yangtze river valley and chasing the mongol emperor from china  

Became known as Taizu or Hongwu emperor and began ming dynasty 

He concentrated his power by growing his army in size and eliminating those who had worked with the mongols

He was primarily concerned with returning to the glory days of the Tang and Song Dynasties rather than developing new means of govt 

Known for ending slavery, taxing the wealthy, and aiding the lower class– however his enormous army was extremely expensive 

Taizu faced an ever growing and powerful confucian bureaucracy which opposed him 

Survived an attempted coup which eld him to have thousands of suspected rebels executed

He became paranoid

In 1402 his fourth son seized power bad became known as the Yongle emperor  

Yongle was just as obsessed with his military might as his father had been 

Would send several armies against the Mongols, also rebuilt the Great wall into its present form 

Moved his capital back to Beijing and further added to the palace compound became known as the forbidden city

Yongle sent the admiral Zheng He on his seven voyages to the Indian ocean from 1405-1433

• These voyages were ended in order to eliminate the threat of outside influences while allowing for increased internal stability

• Trade developed within asia that neglected the need for the treasure ships of Zheng's fleet

• These ships were broken own and their timbers were used to build smaller shipped needed to combat the rising threat of pirates along China's coast 

Ming china's challenges 

• Rebuilding the great wall and forbidden city  and maintaining the large army drained imperial bank

• Fighting against groups of mongols– usually provoked by the mongols refusal to pay tribute– was likewise expensive

• The rise of power of imperial eunuchs led to ming emperors being given poor advice

• Ming emperor s varied greatly in competence and temperament 

• Powerful confucian scholar bureaucrat class (manderains) tended to be extremely conservative

Portuguese arrive in China in 1514 

• “Foreign devils” 

• By 1522 they were allowed a trading post at the port of Macao  

• Spanish trade between Manila in the Philippines and Mexico allied for chinese goods to reach spanish markets 

• Japanese pirates attacked chinese ships while samurai raids align the coast became common by the mid 1500s

Trade with americas was financed wit silver- the primary form of money in international trade 

By 1600 environmental cooling and plagues of locusts made it appear he mandate of heaven was in doubt 

The ming elites lived in extravagance while the ppl were saddled with heavy taxes

A major famine began in 1628 that impacted northern china and caused large numbers of refugees to sweep southward looking for sustenance

War with spain in 1639 caused a severe shortage of silver- the further exacerbated china's situation

Li Zicheng, a former postal worker became a rebel leader against the ning during the famine 

He enjoyed popular support from public and scholars

In 1644 his rebels captured Beijing whi;e the last ming emperor hanged himself 

Instead of Li Zicheng establishing a new dynasty, china was again invaded by nomadic ppl from north: the Manchu

The manchu were invited into China by a ming general to fight against Li Zicheng forces

They eventually began the Qing dynasty

Early qing 

Following a rebellion against the Manchu by several warlords that lasted from 1673 until 1682 he manchu benefitted from the leadership of the Kangxi emperor

By all accounts Kangxi was an outstanding emperor

Although he was careful to maintain the supremacy of the manchu officials over chinese officials he concerned himself with promoting harmony between the 2 cultures 

Was renowned for his energy, efficient, and hi careful use of his treasury funds for ;ublic works projects

Also patronized the arts and sciences and welcomed catholic jesuits to china 

A jesuit in china: matteo Ricci

Was an italian jesuit who came to china in 1582

A skilled astronomical observer he lived in China until his death in 1610

Ricci and other jesuits learned chinese, studied their culture and literature medical techniques and translated booked in both chinese and european languages 

The participation in Chinese culture and religious practices ended up upsetting catholics and chinese 

• By blending christianity with confucianism many confucians felt it was diluting their religion while catholic church saw the jesuits participation of ancestor veneration rituals as being apostate 

• By mid 1700s chinese began suppressing christianity

Kangci’s grandon Qianlong emulated his grandfather– capable warrior administrator patron of the arts and subjected mongols by 1750s 

Near the end of his life he allied himself to be manipulated by a corrupt bodyguard

The degree of corruption was great and led to the White lotus rebellion

• Was a religious group that promised the return of the Buddha and removal of the Manchu

Tokugawa-era japan (edo period)

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Ended with victory of Toyotomi Hideyoshi 

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When Hideyoshi died in 1598 power was seized from his infant heir by one of the most powerful daimyo, Tokugawa Ieyasu. 

Declared himself shogun in 1603

Ieyasu started the practice of alternate residence, whereby the daimyo had to leave their wives and children in Edo as virtual hostages to the Shogun

The daimyo had to stage elaborate parades from their home palaces every other year when they went to live in Edo

This kept the daimyo powerless both militari;y and economically and reinforced leyasu’s power

The peace brought abt led to samurai changing from warriors to government bureaucrats 

Imeitsu became 3rd Tokugawa shogun in 1632

Was alarm by the rise of christianity and western influence that came to japan thanks to portuguese contact through the port of Nagasaki 

Christianity came to japan through the jesuit priest Francis Xavier in 1549

Its message appealed to japanese peasants, and even spread through some of the samurai class

Firearms also came to japan with the portuguese threatening to destabilize Japan's social system

Imeetzu violently suppressed christianity in Japan in order to remove the threat to his power

Iemitsu ordered the arrest and execution of Japanese christians especially following the Shimabara Rebellion in 1637-38

Iemisu blamed christianity and the portuguese for this uprising of starving peasants farmers in northwest Japan

Over 35,000 japanese were killed in the uprising 

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England and Parliament

Elizabeth I left no heirs

Shewas the last Tudor monarch

Was succeed in 1603 by James VI of Scotlan who ruled england as James I He was 1st of the stuart monarchs

James was seen as a foreign king and his language and manners alienated him from parliament 

England's parliament is made up of 2 houses the House of Lords, and The House of Commons

House of lords made of titled aristocrats, had it power challenged during elizabeth's reign by he House of Commons, which was made up of a growing number of merchants and bankers due to growth of trade

Parliament stood as a check to absolute royal power, yet it had to be called into session by the monarch, as a representative body they were supposed to approve new laws and taxes

However, during the reign of James I’s successor, Charles I, a crisis developed. The parliament contained a growing number of Calvinists, who resented the Anglican church as being too much like the Catholic church, and also its obedience to the throne

Charles I infuriated many  ppl in england by ruling without a parliament from 1629 until 1640– a period called “eleven years tyranny”

It was only when he needed money to pay for putting down a rebellion in Scotland in 1640 caused by his trying to impose the Anglican church there that he recalled Parliament

The new parliament not only granted charles the funds he wanted but also moved quickly to limit royal power

• It resolved to meet every 3 yrs regardless of whether it was called, and further it declared that it could no longer be dissolved unless consented

• Following the publication of a list of grievances in 1641, Charles demanded the arrest of 5 parliament leaders. This was refused and england plunged into a bloody civil war

The english civil war lasted from 1642 to 151 

Was fought between forces loyal to monarchy and those loyal to parliament (roundheads)

Both political and religious, with the royalists being mainly anglican and the parliamentarians being calvinist

English monarchists or Cavaliers supported royal authority 

Parliamentarian focus were aka roundheads and were led by oliver cromwell

Cromwell was a member of parliament and ultimately victorious in civil war

Charles and his army was defeated in scotland in 1646 and was handed over to Cromwell in 1647

With Charles imprisoned the question arose as to whether he should be charged with high treason. Many in parliament were unwilling to issue such a charge as it would likely result in death sentence

• Bc of this parliament which had sat since being called in 1640 was purged until it was down to 16 members. Now known as the Rump parliament this body tried and convicted charles of high treason

Cromwell and the rump parliament ruled England until 1653. During this time he was known for massacring the Irish and suppressing Catholicism three

He dismissed the rump parliament in 1653 and was named Lord Protector of ENgland Scotland and Ireland– was a dictator

Cromwell died in 1658 led efforts to restore the monarchy in england

As a social force the monarchy was seen not only as a unifying force but a stable one too

Charles II was son of Charles I

Unlike his father he was known for his likable personality and his eagerness to accommodate Parliament, who restored the Anglican Church as the official religion of england

However Charles secretly desired to be Catholic and converted on his deathbed to Catholicism in 1685

The idea of a catholic king ruling majority of Anglacan and Calvinist kingdom was almost unthinkable leading parliament to delivering the 1673 Test Act that was intended to make sure all political office holders be member of ANglican church

James II, charles brother

Was also catholic 

Was 51 when he became king and most thought he would die soon, leaving his protestant daughter Mary, wife of William of Orange to succeed him

However in 1688 his wife gave birth to a son which threatened england with a succession of catholic kings 

In 1688-89 the glorious revolution in england 

King james II abdicated the throne on Dec 23, 1688 and left for france

WIlliam of orange (from netherlands) became king 

King william and Queen Mary created a new relationship where the parliament became the primary gov’t entity

James lived the rest of his life in France and died in 1701

The scientific revolution and the enlightenment 

Christian europe emerged from the medieval period into the renaissance: a rebirth of the arts and humanities 

Old scientific theories remained as to how the Earth and heavens behaved 

Repeated observations showed that obj in the sky did not act in accordance to theory 

The movements of heavenly objects were based on the Ptolemaic theory of the heavens, proposed by Claudius Ptolemy, royal astrologer for the court of Egypt in 2nd century CE

• This was based on a model created by ARistotle and proposed a system wherein the earth was center of the universe and all of the planets, as well as the sun, revolved around it

• The Bible treated the earth as the center of creation and this model became the official model for the christian church 

This is known as the geocentric or earth-centered model

However there were many who watched the night sky and noticed that this did not explain the motion of the planets which wandered across the sky

This led to a conflict between faith and observation

According to Christian Bible, God created the universe, the Earth and Man was considered infallible or incapable of making an error or mistake

Obvi there had to be an explanation for these mysterious motions in the sky. Astronomers had observed the movement of planets and stars for 100 of years and had recorded them

• Challenges the church authority came individuals who began examining these observation in a new way hoping to find a more accurate explanation for celestial movement

Nikolaus Copernicus was a polish monk whose Book On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres was published while he was on his deathbed

• This heliocentric or sun-centered model explained the motion of the stars and planets much better, but since it was not the official church position the Catholic CHurch forbase ppl from researching it further

Johannes Kepler– 1571-1630 initially obsessed with geometry as the means to explain the heavens. Later teamed with the Dutch astronomer Tycho Brahe and was later able to explain Brahe's observations of planetary movement as being caused by elliptical orbits 

Retrograde backward motion of planet mars

Galileo Galilei- The starry Messenger 1610

He subscribed to the Copernican theory of the cosmos and this got him into trouble with catholic church

Forced to renounces Copernicanism in 1616

He was placed under house arrest for the rest of his life and excommunicated from church however his work inspired others

Issac newton- was renowned as physicist and mathematician who also experimented with light and optics

Published book Principia Mathematica which included his laws of motion

Also wrote books on optics and separation of light into its spectrum to discover what had created it

• However even though he was considered a scientist, he also held an interest in alchemy, where metals could be magically transformed into gold

Newton's work was critical in not only describing the motion of physical objects on earth but realization of an invisible force aka gravity

Scientific revolution was the result of incorporation of observation within reason and experimentation

This reasoning was due to the rapid growth and development of quantification of the natural world

• This new definition of the natural world did seem to present a challenge to the church but in reality it co existed with religion

• Discovery of planetary laws helped led to more inquisitive and precise approach to understanding natural worlds

• 17 and 18 century became age of humanism aka Age of Enlightenment

Humanism is center on the belief that humans are rational, thinking beings capable of independent thought and action

Furthermore many humanists argued that humans are innately good, as opposed to church teachings that stressed the idea of original sin 

John Locke argued that ppls minds are blank slates or Tabula Rasa at birth and are thus products of their experiences and learning 

• Wrote Essay Concerning Human understanding, abt natural rights, life, health, liberty, and possessions

Thomas Hobbes on the other hand argued for royal absolutism as he felt that pp were uncivilized and that only an absolute monarchy could control them

Hobbes argued that social contract existed between royalty and its subjects the king must rule in a way that preserved public order and the functioning of society

• Even if the king were to break the contact the ppl still have to go along with it

• Tyranny is always preferable to chao

• Committing regicide was disastrous that could have severe consequences 

Enlightenment also led to new concept of religion like Deism, which argued God created the universe and then walked away from it much as one might wind a clock. 

• Influenced by clock  making as well as they idea that hua,ms had control over their own lives and destinies

• Diest also argued against occurrence of miracles or any direct intervention 

Deism:

Got exists

God created the world and left it to run its course

God dows not interfere with the universe

God doesn’t perform miracles 

Deism heavily influenced french philosophers (social thinkers)

Baron montesquieu was one 

He concluded in his 1748 book  SPirit of Lawsthat there was no ideal system

He appreciated the british system which incorporated monarchy in the person of the king or queen and aristocracy representation in house of lords and public rep in house of commons

These bodies could overrule one of the others if they got out of hand

Easily best known of these philosopher was Voltaire, also admirer of english 

• Critical of catholic church and french monarchy he fearlessly challenged the conventions of his day

• He championed new scientific discovery and social philosophy, and attacked injustice through his wit

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that people were inherently good but societies influence made them do bad things

• To him private property championed by Locke was root of most problems

• The social contact (book) argued for a contact between all members of society stressing common good and general will

French physiocrats or economic philosophers proposed that increased production would benefit the french economy if it were freed from artificial hindrances from govt and trade guilds

• Among these were francois queasy and anne robert turgot. They proposed a system of laissez-faire- literally leave alone be employed by the state 

Laissez-faire would be taken up by Scottish economist Adam Smith 

• Book The wealth of nations argued that natural market forces should be allowed to influence material production

• Freed from regulation the quality of goods would naturally increase while increased production would make a greater variety of goods affordable to the average person

• Smith work not only inspired development of free market capitalism, but also the industrial revolution

Russia’s Quest for Identity 

Russia accepted eastern orthodoxy in 10th century 

Russian eastern orthodox religion put it at odds with rest of europe which was roman catholic

During the 1230s and 40s mongols invaded from east and established the khanate of the golden horde

Khanate accepted tribute from russians and generally left them alone to practice their religion and fight against the catholic countries

Russia's center was Kiev not Moscow 

Pic of comparison 

Ivan I moved center of russian religious life to moscow by persuading head of Russian Orthodox bishop, metropolitan, to settle there

• At the heart of moscow was the Kremlin a fortified area that withstood repeated attacks from Swedes and LIthumanians and mongols

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Ivan III is best known for ending mongol presence in Russia in 1480

• Neither side was sure when the other was going to attack so Mongols gave up and left

• Titled himself Tsar or Caesar– symbolic connection to rome

• Believed moscow was the 4rd rome after constantinople fell to ottoman empire 

• Moscow considered itself the heart and protector of eastern orthodox church

Sough support from russian landowning warrior noble families- Boyars 

• In return boyars were granted extra privileges and lands with the understanding that they would control the peasants/ serf pops 

Ivan IV “The terrible” 

• Resented actions of powerful  boyars 

• He married a woman from boyar Romanov family named Anastasia 

• During their marriage he made several notable improvements to govt and military, successes against mongols and greatly expanded russian territory 

• His expansion into Kazan and Astrakhan Khanate removed most of mongol influence in the region

• In gratitude for his victories he honored cathedral to virgin mary in moscow– Saint basil's Cathedral

In 1560 anastasia died

Ivan became paranoid and engaged in a campaign of brutal retaliation against those he considered disloyal or who he felt had a role in his wife's death 

His purges and rampages across the land caused panic, famine and later military losses. 3 yrs before his death he beat his son to death

Started time of troubles

Feodor I was likely mentally handicapped known as Feodor the bellringer as he personally rang the church bells in moscow every day 

• Moscow's affairs were run by Boris Godunov who regained some of the lands lost to Swedes 

Feodors half brother Dmitri wa murdered at age 9– suspected to be ordered by Godunov

Boris Godunov was elected by Zemskii Sobor 

Ruled from 159801605 and it was a disaster

Famine ravished land and many saw it was punishment from God for Dmitri's death 

False Dmitri I came from Poland and was able to convince enough ppl that he was the murdered Dmitri, that he was able to sway support from Godunov's son Feodor II, who was deposed and murdered and was instead crowned as tsar in 1605

However he married a polish catholic woman and invoked hatred of the muscovite boyars who once supported him

He was declared an imposter and brutally murdered

In 1610 catholi8 poland conquered moscow threatening catholic rule over russia

After retaking moscow from poles a new zemskii sobor to be convened crowing 16 yr old Michael Romano as tsar in 1613

Romanov ruled russia until 1917 michaels father Filaret became patriarch of Orthodox church 

Alexis I as a competent and kind tsar burdened with war with poland and difficulties with russian orthodox church (ROC) (michaels son)

• Issues centered on patriarch nikon who changed many rituals central to religious services

• Caused outrage among church members who called themselves Old Believers

• Nikon was removed in 1666 but his reforms remained continuing outraging church members

Serfdom was social institution that became hallmark of russian life 

• b/w 1600 and 1649 restrictions on the movement of serfs were sustainably increased and by 1649 all serfs and their descendants were forbidden from ever leaving the lord estate 

• Collective liability- entire pop punished for individual offense

• Life of serf depended on the whim of the landlord who could claim any manner of control over the body of the serf including rape and extreme punishment 

• Rule of the knout

• Led to sense of community among serfs

Lives of serfs were tied to ROC. a refuge from their daily hardships he ROC strengthened their ties to the state as well, science caesaropapism allowed the tsar to head the church 

Orthodox ascetics known as holy fools lived in the cities rather than in isolation, challenging ppl to abandon their sinful ways and predict disastrous events 

By the mid 1600s the orthodox church banished them

Cossacks were russians who moved away from the control of muscovy and the threat of serfdom and relocated southwards towards the steppe along the caspian and black sea

These fiercely independent people played an imp role in political picture of russia and its expansion 

Help extend influence eastward into syria and manchuria 

Treaty of nerchinsk in 1689 

Russia and change in 17 and 18 century

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Tsar Peter I (the great) is best known for his Grand embassy to western europe from 1697-98

Inspired by what he saw there he sought to modernize russia and reform its society

• Introduced measures that expanded literacy by simplifying the russian alphabet ad introducing printing press

• Created russian navy removed women from seclusion, introduced meiotic state where govt official an officers…

• Peter decided to move capital to ST petersburg on 1703 a city he called window to west

• The move represented a philosophical change from russia's past

Great northern war 

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ELizabth I was captivated by western european culture, arts, and fashion 

Sponsors university of moscow

Brought western european architects and arts to St petersburg and transformed it into a cultural center

She did little to improve lives of serf and attended more to the boyars and nobility 

When she dies in 1762 during 7 yrs war she was succeeded by her nephew Peter III

Although Russia had defeated Prussia and wa steady to enjoy their triumph, Peter withdrew from Prussia 

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Catherine wanted to reestablish byzantine empire which had been defeated in 1453

After russia had reconquered territory from ottoman empire she hoped to secure support from Hapsburg Emperor Joseph II of Austria 

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Revolution in the Americas and the Atlantic

In england in the 1600s and 1700s the king and nobility owned all the land

The peasants worked the land but could be told to leave for no reason at all

Mercantilism

System of trade that favors mother country or colonizing country

Colonies serves as source for raw materials and were sent to mother country

Raw materials were transformed into finished goods and sent to the colonies

Colonies serves as captive markets for finished goods

North America in 1750

British and french colonists enjoyed diff relationships with native americans

French intent to set up trading posts to trade goods with native americans for animal skins. These posts required little land and the french were generally tolerated by native ppls 

vs

The british looked to set up agricultural plantations which took a lot of land from the native ppl

British believed in land ownership and this made many natives unhappy

In 1748 the Ohio company of Virginia was established to expand British territory into areas where the French had been establishing their trade posts. This led to war in americas 

7 years war 1756-1763 (French and Indian War)

• Fought b/w the british american colonist, and their native allies, against the french and their native allies 

• This was an ex of a “proxy war” where one or both sides in a conflict use substitutes to do the actual fighting 

• British won the war

American colonies and north america after 7 yrs war

Pontiac’s rebellion- 1763-1766

Native american uprising near the great lakes and present day michigan and ohio

Caused by british mistreatment of natives. The british treated them with contempt as a conquering ppl

Rebellion ended with a peace treaty and many of the native americans moving west to avoid british 

The result of the 7 yrs war is that the french were forced to leave NA

The vast Louisiana Territory west of the Mississippi river was sold by France to Spain 

One of the main effects was that it was a very expensive war, and therefore GB turned to its colonies to pay for the expense, which led to a series of unpopular taxes and acts (laws)

British mercantilism and triangular trade 

George III of England 

Tax stamps on sheet of paper as official business

Prime Minister George Grenville

George III and Grenville decided that the AMerican colonies should bear some of the cost of 7 yrs war and the ongoing expense of colonial gov’t and protection

Colonist resented these actions as benign oppressive- laws like Quartering Act– allowing british soldiers to be housed in unoccupied homes, and the Sugar Act that was an attempt to stop the smuggling of french molasses from french caribbean islands ot colonies to make cheap rum 

Other acts served to keep colonies dependant on GB for certain products like lead, iron, glass, and paint 

By restricting the manufacture of these materials in the colonies britain hoped to maintain its mercantile hold on the colonies as captive markets 

Boston massacre- march 5 1770, 5 colonist killed by British soldiers

Boston tea party- december 6 1773, in protest against british taxes, colonist board british tea ships and dumped cargo overboard 

The intolerable acts- a series of 5 british acts in direct response to boston tea party

• One closed port of boston until tea was paid for

Battles of Lexington and Concord, VA April 19 1775 

1st battles of American Revolution

The american revolutionary war was mainly fought on the east coast and north america

American revolution 1775-1781

America colonies won bc:

• Had capable leadership

• Fought on their own ground

• The British were forced to send men and equipment across the ocean

• The war becomes increasingly unpopular in england 

Great debate over the constitution of the US

How would the ppl be represented by their gov’t?

The US constitution and why its unique:

1. The men who wrote the constitution were products of the enlightenment and humanistic philosophies 

2. It rejected absolutism– executive leader was the pres who stood for election every 4 yrs 

3. The gov’t was broken into 3 parts, executive branch (pres), legislative (congress pass laws and taxes), and judicial (supreme court decide legal issues and challenges to constitution)

4. As insurance against tyranny a Bill of rights was added to amend the constitution in 1791. These first 10 amendments spelled out the rights of the citizen and limitations of governmental powers

5. Although flawed, the ability to amend the constitution meant that eventually it would be later amended 

French Revolution

Louis XVI of France 

 Why was there revolution in france

1. Country had seen a period of poor harvest. there was famine in french countryside and cities 

2. King Louis XVI was concerned for his people but incompetent 

3. Political system of Versailles that was set up to control the nobility's access to the king also isolated the nobility from the people. They lived in a bubble

4. The estate system: the first estate were the clergy, 2nd was nobility, 3rd was the ppl. 1st and 2nd estates were politically able to over power the 3rd estate especially concerning tax policies 

5. The american war of independence showed the ability of ppl to reject the power of a king 

Imp dates and events during the french revolution 

• June 10-27 1789 the National Assembly met and declared it would remain in session until it had written a new constitution for France. This was known as the Tennis court oath and it was a revolutionary action. 

• Popular uprising occurred on July 14 1789 in Paris when the Bastille, a large prison in Paris, was attacked and stormed by commoners who believed that it held a large store of weapons 

• August 4 1789, Tha Assembly destroyed the traditional “feudal system”, and the special privilege of the first and second estates 

• August 26 1789 the Assembly published The Rights of Man and the Citizen

The French National assembly is a form of body that Terms “Left WIng,” “RIght WIng,” and “Centrist” originated. 

• Those supporting the monarchy were more conservative and sat on the right side of the assembly. Those favoring a constitutional monarchy sat on left 

On July 14 1789 French revolutionaries stormed the Bastille, an old prison where there were supposed to have been a large supply of guns.

The Declaration of Rights of Man Passed by the FRench National Assembly on August 26 1789

The French peasants and artisans beating the symbol of the first and second estates. The term sans-culotte means without knee pants, like the peasants on the right. Those who wore culottes tended to be tradesmen and artisans. 

• June 20 1791 Louis XVI attempted to flee Paris with his family to Austria but was captured and imprisoned 

• Sep 30, 1791 Louis XVI was forced to support the new French Constitution, making the king a figurehead ruler with little real power

• April 20 1792 France was invaded by Austria and Prussia who hoped to restore Louis and end the revolution against royal power. Louis wife Marie Antoinette was an Austrian princess 

• September 20-21 1792 French rebels after attacking the “Tuileries” which was the palace where Louis and his family were kept abolished the monarchy and proclaimed a republic

• Jan 17 1793 Louis was tried by the Paris Convention for treason against the French state and was found guilty by a single vote  

Jan 21 1793 the Regicide of King Louis XVI by guillotine 

Marie died by the guillotine on Oct 16 1793 in Paris. 

The last of their 4 children died in 1795 from natural causes. 

Maximilien Robespierre 1758-1794

Committee of public safety- leader of “the terror”- 1793-94

• Some 40,000 were killed during the Terror. Abt 2,600 of these were by guillotine 

• Thermidorian Reaction- July 27, 1794

• Executed by the new gov’t 

The French consul was styled after the Roman gov’t with Napoleon Bonaparte as the “First Among Equals.”

Napoleon Bonaparte eventually became emperor of France 1804

• He embarked on a series of military campaigns that kept a great portion of europe at war

Revolution in San Domingue (Haiti)-- 1791-1804

Haiti (San DOmingue) was a very valuable sugar producing french colony in the caribbean. It depended on slave labor to produce raw sugar which was extremely valuable

Slaves who resisted were severely punished, mutilated, or killed. Abt 30,000 whites controlled ½ a mill slaves by 1789

The haitian revolution was inspired by American and French revolutions

The revolution was an uprising of slaves who worked the sugar plantations on the island which was very dangerous 

It was excessively violent with massacres committed by both french and rebel forces 

Toussaint Louverture

Jean Jacques Dessalines

Toussaint Louverture was raised by jesuit missionaries on haiti and was recognized for his innate intelligence

• He began his life as a slaved but was freed in 1776 claimed later that he had been able to gather a small fortune including slaves of his own, and was renting coffee plantation by the time the revolution began 

In 1793 he rallied slaves to his cause by a speech 

L'ouverture was a capable general but was captured in 1802 when he was betrayed by his lieutenant Jean Jacques Dessalines who replaced him. Louveture died in paris prison 1803

• Dessalines continued the fight against both french as well as british attempts to conquer island

• 1804 he declared st domingue to be free

• Changed the name of the colony to Ayti (Haiti) and proclaimed himself emperor 

• Following this he embarked on a genocidal campaign killing all remaining French on the island 

Atlatic and american revolutions in conclusion 

1. American revolution with the formation of a stable republic based on the principle of representative democracy, or popular gov’t 

2. Haitian revolution was a massive slave rebellion against french control and did not result in a stable gov’t- rather in a series of short-lived unstable gov’t 

3. The french revolution was against the french king and aristocracy and resulted in a period of extreme bloodshed that only ended with the appearance of a military dictator in the form of napoleon bonaparte 

Napoleon's most ambitious campaign was his 1812 action against Russia

• Although he did reach and conquer the capital of moscow its ppl had burned or destroyed all of the food and many of the buildings so that they would be of no use to napoleon's army in what is known as “scorched Earth” policy- destroying one's own property  to deny it to an enemy 

• Once the severe Russian winter set in, Napoleon and his army were forced to retreat. Many 1,00s of french soldiers died returning to france 

• Napoleon returned to france and after several defeats by the coalition armies he abdicated as emperor and was exiled to island of Elba in the mediterranean in april 1814

Bonaparte had no desire to remain on Elba and return to France on March 20 1815 after spending almost 10 months on the island. He assumed command of a new army made up of a veteran soldiers who wanted to return France to glory. 

At battle of waterloo in Belgium , Napoleon faced a combined military force from england and prussia on june 18 1815

Soundly defeated Napoleon was exiled to the tiny island of St helena in the atlantic where he spent the rest of his life. 

From 1814 to 1815 the congress of vienna met to redraw the map of europe following the initial defeat of bonaparte

Congress of vienna represented a change in how european diplomacy was conducted being a series of large meeting of representatives from the nations of europe held in a common location  

The congress resorted to a state of status qo ante bellum– as things were before the war– to many of europe's national borders 

Significantly the congress restored to the bourbon monarchy and recognized Louis XVI;s younger brother, Louis XVIII as king of france symbolically rejecting the french revolution in favor of stabilizing their own monarchies