Period 7A Vocab List

Black Tuesday: The day the stock market crashed on October 29, 1929, signaling the beginning of the Great Depression.
Buying on Margin: Purchasing stock with borrowed money, contributing to the speculative bubble that led to the market crash.
Dust Bowl: A region in the central U.S. that suffered severe dust storms and drought during the 1930s, displacing thousands of farmers.
Okies: Displaced farmers, particularly from Oklahoma, who migrated westward during the Dust Bowl in search of work.
Herbert Hoover: 31st President of the United States who was criticized for his handling of the Great Depression.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff/Tariff Act of 1930: A high tariff law that worsened the global economic depression by stifling international trade.
“Hoovervilles”: Shantytowns built by unemployed people during the Depression, mocking President Hoover’s failure to provide relief.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC): A government agency created to provide loans to banks, railroads, and businesses during the Depression.
Bonus Army: A group of WWI veterans who marched on Washington in 1932 to demand early payment of a promised bonus.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt: 32nd President of the U.S. who led the country through the Great Depression and most of WWII.
New Deal: A series of programs and reforms introduced by FDR to address the economic crisis of the Great Depression.
Fireside Chats: Radio broadcasts by FDR to communicate directly with the American people and build support for his policies.
Emergency Banking Act: A 1933 law that allowed the government to inspect the financial health of all banks and reopen only those deemed sound.
21st Amendment: Repealed Prohibition by nullifying the 18th Amendment in 1933.
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA): New Deal legislation that paid farmers to reduce crop production to raise prices.
National Recovery Act (NRA): A New Deal agency that aimed to stimulate industry by setting fair wages and hours.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA): A federal project that built dams and provided electricity to rural areas in the South.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): Insures bank deposits to restore trust in the banking system.
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC): Regulates the stock market and prevents abuses such as insider trading.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): A public work relief program for young men that provided jobs in conservation and development of natural resources.
Dr. Francis E. Townsend/Townsend Plan: Proposed giving elderly citizens monthly payments to stimulate the economy and support seniors.
Huey Long: Louisiana senator who criticized the New Deal and proposed a "Share Our Wealth" program to redistribute income.
100 Days: The first months of FDR’s presidency during which many New Deal programs were enacted.
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act): Protected workers' rights to unionize and bargain collectively.
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO): A labor organization that organized industrial workers, including unskilled labor.
Social Security Act: Created a system of unemployment insurance, old-age pensions, and welfare benefits.
The Works Progress Administration (WPA): Employed millions of people to carry out public works projects, including construction and the arts.
Court Packing Bill: FDR’s failed proposal to add more justices to the Supreme Court to secure favorable rulings for New Deal programs.
Recession of 1937: An economic downturn during the Depression caused by reduced government spending.
Fair Labor Standards Act: Established minimum wage, maximum hours, and prohibited child labor.
Eleanor Roosevelt: First Lady and influential political figure who advocated for civil rights, labor rights, and women’s rights.
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934: Reversed assimilation policies and aimed to restore tribal self-government and land.
Brain Trust: A group of advisers to FDR who helped develop New Deal policies.

The Washington Conference: A 1921 meeting of major powers to prevent a naval arms race and ensure peace in the Pacific.
Kellogg-Briand Pact: A 1928 agreement that outlawed war as a tool of national policy.
Dawes Plan: A plan to help Germany pay reparations after WWI by restructuring its debt and providing loans.
Stimson Doctrine: U.S. policy of non-recognition of territorial gains made by force, especially in response to Japanese actions in Manchuria.
The Good Neighbor Policy: FDR’s foreign policy towards Latin America, emphasizing cooperation and non-intervention.
Neutrality Acts: Laws passed in the 1930s to keep the U.S. out of foreign wars by restricting arms sales and loans to belligerents.
Quarantine Speech: A 1937 speech by FDR suggesting peaceful nations should isolate aggressive ones to stop the spread of war.
Munich Pact (Appeasement): An agreement permitting Nazi Germany to annex parts of Czechoslovakia in an effort to avoid war.
Lend-Lease Act: Allowed the U.S. to supply Allied nations with war material before entering WWII.
Atlantic Charter: A joint declaration by FDR and Churchill in 1941 outlining the goals for the post-war world.
Pearl Harbor: A surprise Japanese attack on a U.S. naval base in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, bringing the U.S. into WWII.

Island Hopping: A military strategy used by the U.S. in the Pacific during WWII to capture specific islands and move closer to Japan.
Battle of Midway: A 1942 naval battle and turning point in the Pacific theater in favor of the Allies.
Holocaust: The genocide of six million Jews and millions of others by Nazi Germany during WWII.
War Production Board (WPB): A government agency that coordinated the production of war materials and supplies during WWII.
Double V Campaign: A movement by African Americans during WWII demanding victory against fascism abroad and racism at home.
Zoot Suit Riots: A series of conflicts in 1943 in Los Angeles between American servicemen and Mexican American youths.
Rosie The Riveter: A cultural icon representing women who worked in factories and shipyards during WWII.
Baby Boom: A marked increase in U.S. birth rates following WWII, lasting roughly from 1946 to 1964.
Executive Order 9066/Japanese Internment: Authorized the forced relocation of Japanese Americans into internment camps during WWII.
Korematsu v. U.S.: A Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of Japanese internment during WWII.
D-Day: The Allied invasion of Normandy, France, on June 6, 1944, a key turning point in the European theater.
V-E Day (May 8, 1945): Victory in Europe Day, marking the end of WWII in Europe.
Kamikaze: Japanese suicide pilots who crashed their planes into enemy targets during WWII.
The Manhattan Project: A secret U.S. research project to develop the atomic bomb during WWII.
Harry S. Truman: 33rd President of the United States who authorized the use of atomic bombs and led the U.S. at the end of WWII.
Atomic Bomb: A powerful nuclear weapon used by the U.S. on Japan in 1945 to hasten the end of WWII.
Hiroshima: The first city targeted by an atomic bomb on August 6, 1945.
Nagasaki: The second city targeted by an atomic bomb on August 9, 1945.
V-J Day (August 15, 1945): Victory over Japan Day, marking the end of WWII after Japan’s surrender.