Honors History Summer Work Notes

Mercantilism: An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Columbian Exchange: The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Cash Crop: farm crop raised to be sold for money

Old World: Europe, Asia, Africa

New World: North and South America, & the Carribean

5 commodities from the new world introduced to the old world: potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, sweet potatoes, and chili peppers

5 commodities from the old world introduced to the new world: rice, wheat, sugar cane, grapes, and livestock

How did potatoes impact the old world?: Potatoes turned into a necessity for the people in Europe to survive. Potatoes created a more nutritional diet as well as creating jobs and population booms everywhere the plant was grown.

How did horses impact the new world?: Horses revolutionized Native life and became an integral part of tribal cultures, honored in objects, stories, songs, and ceremonies. Horses changed methods of hunting and warfare, travel, and standards of wealth.

Caste system in New Spain: used to determine a person's socioeconomic ranking based on their blood lineage. Those closest to Spanish descent were considered higher up in society

Pueblo Revolt: Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Encomienda System: a system of forced labor in Spanish colonies. It was a combination of feudalism and slavery. The Spanish justified it by saying they were providing religion and protection to the Native Americans.

Treaty of Tordesillas: set the boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas. It put Spain 'above' Portugal.

Hernan Cortes: Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico. He gathered 20,000 natives that disliked the Aztecs, and along with the diseases he & his army brought, the Aztecs were defeated.

Mestizo: A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.

What were Spain & France committed to spreading around the globe?: Catholicism

What separated France from other imperial powers?: France had good relationships with Native people, given that ir was essential for successful trading.

Henry Hudson: An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland.

Jacques Cartier: French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France

Samuel de Champlain: French explorer who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec

What city did Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain establish?: Quebec

What caused England to join in colonizing the New World?: competition with Spain and France, the invention of Joint Stock Companies, and economic depression.

join-stock company: like a modern day corporation, spreading riches & risks of entrepreneurial undertakings.

Enclosure Movement: The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century. Caused severe poverty.

Jamestown: The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Bacon's rebellion: A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land

Puritan: A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Plymouth: Colony settled by the Pilgrims. It eventually merged with Massachusetts Bay colony.

Massachusetts Bay: It was founded by Puritans for religious freedom.

The Middle Colonies: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

The West Indies and the Southern colonies: location of plantation colonies, many West Africans were purchased to work making cash crops.

Lord De La Warr: Governor of Jamestown, immediately imposed a military regime in Jamestown and declaring war against the Powhatan Confederacy. Employed "Irish tactics" in which his troops burned houses and cornfields.

House of Burgesses: The first legislative body in colonial America.

The Powhatans: a group of Indians that helped the Jamestown settlers until the settlers demanded food from them

John Smith: English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia

Name for rankings in the spanish caste system: criollo, mestizo, mulatto

The Middle Passage: A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

The Northwest Passage: A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century.

Anne Hutchinson: A Puritan woman who disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

William Penn: A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Métis: People of mixed Native American and French Canadian descent

Roger Williams: He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Praying Towns: Term for New England settlements where Indians from various tribes were gathered to be Christianized

Dissenters: Protestants who differed with the Church of England

Chattel Slavery: A chattel slave is an enslaved person who is owned for ever and whose children and children's children are automatically enslaved. Chattel slaves are individuals treated as complete property, to be bought and sold.

Quakers: Protestant reformers who believe in the equality of all people

Jaques Cartier: French explorer who discovered the st. lawrence river, and gave france its claim to canada

Moctezuma: Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes.

Hernando cortes: Conquered the Aztec Empire

Powhatan: Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia

New Netherlands: A colony founded by the Dutch in the New World. It became New York.

Three Sister Farming: Agricultural system employed by North American Indians; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields.

Malintzin: A Mayan woman who spoke both Maya and Nahuatl (Aztec language); used by Cortes as a translator

Conquistadores: Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.