Unit 7 Review:
- Marxism: A theory of history and society developed by Karl Marx, emphasizing class struggle and advocating for a classless society through the overthrow of capitalism.
- Nationalism: A political ideology prioritizing the interests and culture of a nation, often linked to the desire for self-determination.
- Giuseppe Mazzini: Italian nationalist and revolutionary, key in the unification of Italy.
- Balkans: A region in southeastern Europe, historically unstable and a source of tensions in Europe.
- Pan-Slavism: A political ideology advocating for the unity of Slavic peoples across Europe, often linked to Russian influence.
- Anti-Semitism: Prejudice or discrimination against Jewish people.
- Alfred Dreyfus: A French Jewish officer wrongfully convicted of treason, symbolizing anti-Semitism in France.
- Triple Alliance: Military alliance formed in 1882 between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
- Triple Entente: A military alliance between France, Russia, and the United Kingdom before World War I.
- Bosnia-Herzegovina: Regions in the Balkans annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908, escalating tensions before World War I.
- Balkan Wars: Conflicts (1912-1913) among Balkan states and the Ottoman Empire, leading to territorial changes.
- Balance of Power: A political theory in international relations aimed at preventing one nation from dominating others.
- Congress of Vienna: A 1814-1815 diplomatic conference that redrew Europe’s political map after Napoleon's defeat.
- Klemens von Metternich: Austrian diplomat who led the Congress of Vienna and advocated for conservative principles.
- Realpolitik: A pragmatic political approach focused on power and national interest over ideological beliefs.
- Napoleon III: French emperor from 1852-1870, known for his role in modernizing France and his eventual downfall in the Franco-Prussian War.
- Paris Commune: A short-lived socialist government in Paris in 1871 that was violently suppressed by the French government.
- Crimean War: A 1853-1856 conflict between Russia and an alliance of France, Britain, and the Ottoman Empire over control of territories.
- Otto Von Bismarck: German Chancellor who unified Germany in 1871 through diplomacy and military strategy.
- Georges-Eugène Haussmann: French urban planner responsible for modernizing Paris in the mid-19th century.
- Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary: A political system established in 1867 where Austria and Hungary shared a monarch but maintained separate governments.
- Anarchism: A political philosophy advocating for the abolition of the state and all forms of hierarchical authority.
- Mikhail Bakunin: A Russian anarchist and revolutionary known for his radical anti-state ideas.
- Georges Sorel: A French theorist who believed in the power of violent revolution to overthrow capitalist systems.
- Alexander II: Tsar of Russia (1855-1881) known for emancipating the serfs but also for reversing some reforms after an assassination attempt.
- Count Cavour: Italian statesman who helped unify Italy under the leadership of Victor Emmanuel II.
- Giuseppe Garibaldi: Italian nationalist and military leader who played a key role in the unification of Italy.
- Victor Emmanuel II: King of Sardinia and later the first king of a unified Italy.
- Congress of Berlin of 1878: A diplomatic meeting that reorganized the Balkans after the Russo-Turkish War.
- Pogrom: Violent attacks, particularly against Jewish communities, often involving destruction and killings.
- Zionism: A movement advocating for the establishment of a Jewish homeland, leading to the creation of Israel.
- Age of Imperialism: The late 19th and early 20th-century period when European powers expanded their empires through colonization.
- Sepoy Rebellion: An 1857 uprising in India against British rule, sparked by cultural and religious tensions.
- Berlin Conference of 1884-1885: A meeting where European powers divided Africa into colonies without regard for indigenous cultures or borders.
- Fashoda Crisis: A 1898 standoff between Britain and France in Sudan over imperial interests, resolved without war.
- Morocco: A North African country that became a point of contention between European powers, particularly France and Germany.
- Boxer Rebellion: A 1900 Chinese anti-foreign uprising, leading to military intervention by foreign powers.
- Meiji Restoration: A period of rapid modernization and industrialization in Japan beginning in 1868.
- Imperialist: Someone who supports or practices imperialism, expanding a country's power through colonization or military force.
- Darwinism: Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection, explaining species’ development through survival and reproduction.
- Social Darwinism: The application of Darwin’s ideas to justify social inequality, imperialism, and racial hierarchies.
- The White Man’s Burden: A concept that justified imperialism as a moral obligation to "civilize" non-Western peoples.
- Mission Civilisatrice: A French term for the supposed duty of Europeans to bring civilization to their colonies.
- Heart of Darkness: A novella by Joseph Conrad critiquing European imperialism in Africa.
- Paul Gauguin: A French post-Impressionist artist known for his bold use of color and depictions of Tahiti.
- Pablo Picasso: A Spanish artist who co-founded Cubism and significantly influenced modern art.
- Primitivism: An artistic movement that idealized primitive, non-Western cultures for their simplicity and authenticity.
- Zulus: An ethnic group in Southern Africa, famous for their kingdom and military prowess under King Shaka Zulu.
- Ethiopians: People from Ethiopia, an African nation that successfully resisted European colonization, notably at the Battle of Adwa in 1896.
- Sepoy: Indian soldiers employed by the British East India Company.
- Second Industrial Revolution: The phase of industrialization in the late 19th and early 20th centuries marked by innovations in steel, electricity, and chemicals.
- Suez Canal: A vital man-made waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, facilitating international trade.
- Romantic Period: An artistic and intellectual movement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that emphasized emotion, individualism, and the sublime in nature.
- Materialism: A philosophical belief that everything that exists is made of physical matter.
- Physicalism: The belief that everything, including mental states, can be explained by physical processes.
- Positivism: A philosophy that advocates for the use of the scientific method and empirical evidence as the basis of knowledge.
- Natural Selection: The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
- Modernism: An early 20th-century cultural movement that sought to break away from traditional forms and embrace new, experimental ideas.
- Irrationalism: A philosophical stance that emphasizes the non-rational aspects of human experience, such as emotion and instinct.
- Psychoanalysis: A therapeutic technique developed by Sigmund Freud to explore the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior.
- Quantum Theory: A branch of physics that deals with the behavior of matter and energy at very small scales.
- Modern Art: Art that challenges traditional forms and explores new techniques, themes, and media.
- Impressionism: A late 19th-century art movement that focused on light, color, and capturing moments in time, often using loose brushstrokes.
- Post-Impressionism: A movement that followed Impressionism, focusing on structure, color, and symbolism in art.
- Expressionism: An art movement focused on representing emotional experience rather than physical reality.
- Fauvism: A style of painting characterized by bold, vibrant colors, led by artists like Henri Matisse.
- Cubism: An art movement pioneered by Picasso and Braque, focusing on abstracted geometric shapes and multiple perspectives.
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