imperialism:one country dominates another’s politics, economics, culture

new imperialism: large scale imperialism in the 1800s and 1900s when countries like those in europe, japan, us expanded

• social causes of new imperialism:

  • white man’s burden: it is their duty to educate + colonize their colonial subjects

• political causes: competition between european countries

• economic causes: for new industrialized countries to gain resources, labor, new markets

• technological causes: industrial revolution led to railroad, steamboats, better weapons, allowed colonization and medical technology

• religious cause: spreading of christianity

• social darwinism: an unscientific interpretation of darwin’s theory of evolution (survival of the fittest to justify imperialism/racism)

• orientialism: the fascination of westerners with exotic portrayals of foreign nations and people

• nationalism: played key role in japan’s expanion + imperialism, united states with banana republics

• exceptionalism: idea that own’s country is superior to neighbors

• civilizing mission: intended to spread western culture, technology, healthcare, forms of government, education, religion

6.2 state expansion

king leopold II of belgium

• cousins with vitoria of great britain, his competition

• swindled europeans and africans in order to get empire, pretending to be humanitarian/abolotionist

• claimed huge territory in central africa called the congo free state

• essentially started with promise for free trade

berlin conference

• europeans engaged in scramble for africa

• otto von bismarck of germany called for the conference

• conference created to recognize leopold’s private claim and other territories

• made a process for annexing african territory

  • send treaties to the african people first

  • negotiate with other european countries to get ownership

• aftermath of colonization of africa: imperialism + colonization increased

• conference gave europeans legal right to colonize, as they cooperated with each other

• direct control: colonizers bring their own bureaucrats + gov to rule colony

• indirect control: colonizers use existing local officials to rule

• protectorate: local rulers made to follow europeans about trade + missionaries

• sphere of influence: area where an outside power has dominated its trade and economics

• dutch empure: dutch east india company had legal authority to go to war, fortresses, treaties but it went bankrupt and government took over

• belgian congo: king leopold conquered congo river basin (for ivory then for rubber), but people advocated against forced labor, leading to belgium government, then independence

british in india

• india became center of british east india company

• direct and indirect rule with east india comp

• princely state: native indian state governed by an indian ruler under british laws (like protectorate or indirect control)

• sepoy mutiny: rumors of animal grease in rifle cartileges caused soldiers to rebel against british, so britain took over from east india company

• effects: military underwent reorganization, government of britain took over

6.3 indigenous responses to state expansion

direct resistance

• tupac amaru rebellion against spanish coloinzers in peru

• samuel toure: battled french in west africa

• yaa asentawa war: in gold coast, after british disrespected golden stool, asante people fought back

• sepoy rebellion: indian soldiers rebelled against british with religious motivations

new states

• balkan nationalism: produced states in the balkans from nonindustrialized ottoman empire

• sokoto caliphate: islamic state in west africa that was anti colonialism

• cherokee nation: made nation with american constitution in order to be protected but indian removal act forced deportation

rebellions

• ghost dance rebellion: native americans believed that this ceremony would bring back ancestors to repel american colonizers (started wounded knee massacre)

• xhosa cattle killing movement: xhosa people in africa beleived their ancestors would return, cattle killing led to famine, british took advantage of this to employ people in cape colony who were starving and needed employment

6.4 global economic development

• Natural resources, new markets, and low waged labor drove imperialism

• Transportation from colonies' interiors to ports shifted from roads and canals to railroad

• Cecil Rhodes wanted a railroad from Capetown to Egypt using colonial labor

• Steamships and the telegraph allowed international travel and communication

• Asia and Africa had once relied on subsistence farming (making only enough for themselves), but with imperialism, the cash crop system replaced it

• Cash crops replaced food crops, making the prices of food rise

• Guano: bat/bird excrements (a fertilizer) that was shipped from Peru and Chile

• Colonies became export economies, and imperialists sought tropic climates for raw material

Britain/India

• To prevent them from competing, Britain banned Indian textile mills

• Indian textiles could not compete with the inexpensive British textiles

• British had once been supplied by Indian cotton, but they banned that too, and instead were shipped by the American colonies

• When the American ports shut from the civil war (1860s), Briain received the cotton supply from India and Egypt

• Rubber industry: supplied by the rainforest of South America and Central Africa

• Palm oil: was used in European factories, to make candles, and as a West African food staple

• Ivory: elephant tusks, used for piano keys, ornaments, and carvings

• The European scramble for ivory actually preceded the scramble for Africa

• Minerals came all around the world, such as silver, cotton, tin, and gold

• Cecil Rhodes joined the Diamong Rush in South Africa, made the De Beers Mining Company, and became the prime minister for Cape Colony (the South African British colony), paved the way for apartheid

• Demand for food with urbanization was met with new technology, like the fridge

• Farming cash crops led to monoculture, depletion of soil fertility, and diseases and pests

6.5 Economic Imperialism

• Indian textiles went out of business with Britain's inexpensive textiles

• India supplied the cotton, British manufactured it and re-sold it at high prices

• Economic imperialism: taking advantage of national resources, making a colony into an export economy

• The Dutch East India Company, who monopolized the spice trade, went bankrupt and was taken over by the Dutch government, who introduced the culture system

• Culture system: farmers had to either grow cash crops or do forced unpaid work

• Poppies for opium grew in India

• British wanted China's goods, but China wasn't interested in trading, so Britain forced India to grow opium and sold it to China to get their silver

• First Opium War: China government seized the British opium warehouse, the British captured Nanking and the treaty opened new ports and allowed opium's free trade

• Second Opium War and Treaty of Tientsin: Chinese government had to open up more ports, welcome Christian missionaries, and actually leagalize opium

• China gave up spheres of influence to many countries (the Open Door Policy was proposed by the United States to share trade with China)

• China ultimately lost to foreign influence because of of a lack of industrial power

• With the mass growth of cash crops, Africa was in a food shortage

• Important cash crops included cotton, cocoa, palm oil, palm kernels, and peanuts

• US had gained power during the Second Industrial Revolution

• Monroe Doctrine declared Latin America as theirs

• United Fruit Company: American company that traded fruit from Latin American plantations

• Banana republics: Central American countries that depended on their exports

• Spain colonized Chile and depended on its copper and mining

• Brazil's rubber industry declined from Malaysia's rubber industry

6.6 Causes of Migration

• Atlantic Slave Trade: brought slaves from Africa to the Americas

• In Europe, population growth and the land lost to industrialization affected rural areas

• In China and India, populations surged

• In Russia and China, the government encouraged people to settle in Central Asia and Siberia in order to expand the empires' territories

• Push factors of migration: farming peasant families kicked off land to become industrial farms, marchines replacing people employed in city factories, fleeing wars (Balkans), religious persecution, famine (often caused by planting cash crops)

• Pull factors: colonial governments wanted labor, corporations wanted labor, projects like railroads required labor, they all offered to pay to relocate people for their work

• Other pull factors: slavery, prisoners (forced migrants, sent from Britain to Australia, French to Latin America, Japan to an island, and Russia to Siberia)

• Opportunity was another pull factor from Europe to US, Canada, and Latin America

• Urbanization facilitated internal migration within nations

• Trains and steamboats made migration easier

• British sent engineers and geologists to South Africa and India, their colonies, to study petroleum in India and diamonds in Africa

• Indentured servitude: Trans-Atlantic Slavery was banned, which led Europeans to seek cheap labor in their colonies

• Chinese laborers went to Hawaii, United States, Southeast Asia, and Peru and Cuba

• Indian laborers went to the Caribbean, Africa, and Southeast Asia

• In Ireland, a potato famine paired with colonial British's economic export policies in the midst of a widespread famine led to migration

• Lebanon was a part of the Ottoman Empire, an after a mulberry tree destroyed the silk industry, and the Ottomans collapsed, people migrated

• Italy had social unrest during its unification, and insects destroyed the wine industry

• Remittances were money sent to a family in a worker's homeland

6.7 Effects of Migration

Changes in home societies

• Men were often the migrant workers, and they changed demographics and gender roles

• Back home, women assumed men's roles

• The women who went with the men gained independence

• As migrants sent back remittances they contributed to the education of boys and girls

Ethnic enclaves

• Ethnic enclaves were neighborhoods of people from the same country who shared a language, culture and food

• Chinese enclaves: in Southeast Asia (thrived as businessowners and traders), Americas (labor), Cuba/Peru (on plantations, guano farms, cigarette factories)

• Indian enclaves: in Africa, Caribbean (sugar plantations), Southeast Asia (plantations)

• Kangani system: allowed entire families to be recruited

Scots-Irish

• Scottish people living in Ireland from a long time ago made up the Irish wave to North America in Canada and the United States, spread Catholicism and influenced labor unions

Argentina

• Encouraged immigration from Europe (Italy in particular) by granting foreigners rights

• Argentina's appeals: underpopulated, fertile land, high wages, low living cost

• Meanwhile, Congress banned Chinese immigration in the later repealed Chinese Exclusion Act

• The Mexican president promoted immigration from the US

• In US, after gold rush, Chinese turned to other works, met with anti-Chinese sentiment at wages

• Parliament established the White Australian policy