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Microbio 120
Classifying Life
1.
Q: What are the three domains of life? A: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya1....
2.
Q: Which domains contain prokaryotic organisms? A: Archaea and Bacteria1....
3.
Q: What is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? A: Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus1....
4.
Q: What are Bergey's Manuals used for? A: They are standard references for identifying and classifying prokaryotes4....
5.
Q: What are some methods used to identify bacteria? A: Biochemical tests, DNA/RNA analysis, and serological testing2....
6.
Q: How are viruses classified? A: Based on viral genetics, chemistry, morphology, and mechanism of multiplication6.
7.
Q: What system is used to classify viruses based on their genomes? A: The Baltimore classification system7.
Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
8.
Q: What is a key component of bacterial cell walls? A: Peptidoglycan8.
9.
Q: What are plasmids? A: Small loops of DNA in prokaryotes that may contain non-essential genes9....
10.
Q: Name a structure in prokaryotic cells that contains polymerized inorganic phosphate. A: Volutin (or metachromatic granule)11....
11.
Q: What is the function of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells? A: It is required by eukaryotic cells to compartmentalize functions and perform complex processes13.
12.
Q: What is the function of the peroxisomes? A: They typically produce hydrogen peroxide to break down molecules12.
Microbial Genetics
13.
Q: What is the central dogma of molecular biology? A: DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is translated to protein14.
14.
Q: What is the function of DNA polymerase? A: Synthesizes DNA during replication15.
15.
Q: What is transcription? A: The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template15.
16.
Q: What is translation? A: The process of synthesizing proteins from an mRNA template15.
17.
Q: What are mutations? A: Changes in the DNA sequence15.
18.
Q: What is horizontal gene transfer? A: The transfer of genetic material between prokaryotes, which is often done through plasmids9....
19.
Q: What are operons? A: A cluster of genes that are regulated together15.
20.
Q: What is the function of DNA gyrase? A: It relaxes the supercoiled chromosome to make DNA more accessible for replication16....
Viral Structure, Classification, Replication, and Clinical Aspects
21.
Q: Are viruses cellular or acellular? A: Acellular2....
22.
Q: What are the main components of a virus? A: Proteins and genetic material (DNA or RNA)20....
23.
Q: What are capsids? A: Protein coats that surround the viral genome23.
24.
Q: Name three capsid shapes. A: Helical, polyhedral, and complex6....
25.
Q: What is a bacteriophage? A: A virus that infects bacteria24....
26.
Q: What is the lytic cycle? A: A viral replication cycle that involves lysis of the host cell26....
27.
Q: What is the lysogenic cycle? A: A viral replication cycle in which viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome26.
28.
Q: How do retroviruses replicate? A: They use reverse transcriptase to make DNA from RNA26....
29.
Q: What is a virion? A: A complete, infectious virus particle22.
30.
Q: What are spikes? A: Glycoproteins used by viruses to bind to host cells6....
31.
Q: What are cytopathic effects? A: Cell abnormalities resulting from a viral infection28.
32.
Q: What does the term obligate intracellular parasite mean? A: An organism that can only reproduce inside a host cell22....
33.
Q: How do viruses gain entry to cells? A: Through binding of viral proteins to cell receptors, causing membrane fusion or endocytosis23.
34.
Q: How are viral diseases classified? A: Using ICD codes31.
Growing, Staining, Viewing, and Identifying Microbes
35.
Q: What is a pure culture? A: A culture containing only one species of microorganism27....
36.
Q: What is agar used for in microbiology? A: A solidifying agent in growth media for culturing microbes33.
37.
Q: What is a brightfield microscope? A: A microscope that produces a darker image on a lighter background34....
38.
Q: What is a darkfield microscope? A: A microscope that produces a brighter image on a darker background34....
39.
Q: What does a phase-contrast microscope do? A: Uses refraction and interference to create high contrast images of unstained cells35.
40.
Q: What are fluorochromes? A: Fluorescent molecules that absorb and emit light36.
41.
Q: What is a positive stain? A: A stain that colors the structure of interest37.
42.
Q: What is a negative stain? A: A stain that colors the background and leaves the microbe colorless37.
43.
Q: What is the Gram stain used for? A: To differentiate bacteria based on cell wall structure, gram + and gram -38.
44.
Q: What is an acid-fast stain used for? A: A type of staining diagnostic for Mycobacterium tuberculosis38.
Microbial Growth and Prevention Strategies
45.
Q: What is binary fission? A: The process of cell division in bacteria39....
46.
Q: What is generation time? A: The doubling time of a microbial population40....
47.
Q: Name the four phases of microbial growth in a closed system. A: Lag, logarithmic (exponential), stationary, and death40....
48.
Q: What are biofilms? A: Complex communities of microbes attached to a surface39....
49.
Q: What is quorum sensing? A: A way bacteria communicate and coordinate activities39.
50.
Q: What is sterilization? A: The process of killing or removing all microorganisms .
51.
Q: What is disinfection? A: A process that removes potential pathogens from a fomite16....
52.
Q: What is an antiseptic? A: A chemical agent that kills or inhibits growth on living tissue .
53.
Q: What is a disinfectant? A: A chemical agent used to kill or inhibit growth on inanimate objects .
54.
Q: Name two physical methods of controlling microbes. A: Heat (e.g., autoclaving) and radiation (e.g., UV) .
55.
Q: Name two chemical methods of controlling microbes. A: Disinfectants and antiseptics .
56.
Q: What are fomites? A: Inanimate objects that harbor and transmit microbes16....
57.
Q: What does the term bactericidal mean? A: Kills bacteria24....
58.
Q: What does the term bacteriostatic mean? A: Inhibits growth of bacteria24....
59.
Q: What are the four biosafety levels (BSLs)? A: BSL-1, BSL-2, BSL-3, and BSL-442....
60.
Q: What is degerming? A: The process of removing microbes from a limited area44.
Metabolic Pathways Used by Microbes and Their Use in Identification
61.
Q: What is metabolism? A: The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell45....
62.
Q: What is catabolism? A: The breakdown of complex molecules to release energy45....
63.
Q: What is anabolism? A: The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, which requires energy45....
64.
Q: What is cellular respiration? A: A metabolic process that uses oxygen to produce ATP45.
65.
Q: What is fermentation? A: An anaerobic metabolic process that produces ATP but not as efficiently as cellular respiration45....
66.
Q: What are some products of fermentation? A: Acids, alcohols, and gases39....
67.
Q: What are biochemical tests used for? A: To identify microbes based on their metabolic activities4....
68.
Q: What is the purpose of API test panels? A: To identify bacteria according to their biochemical characteristics46.
69.
Q: What are chemotrophs? A: Microbes that obtain energy from chemical compounds47....
70.
Q: What are phototrophs? A: Microbes that obtain energy from light47....
71.
Q: What is a biogeochemical cycle? A: The recycling of chemical elements by microorganisms45.
Principles of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology
72.
Q: What is a pathogen? A: A disease-causing microorganism11....
73.
Q: What is an infectious disease? A: A disease caused by a pathogen47.
74.
Q: What is a contagious disease? A: An infectious disease that is easily spread from person to person50.
75.
Q: What are signs of a disease? A: Objective, measurable indicators of a disease48....
76.
Q: What are symptoms of a disease? A: Subjective experiences reported by the patient48....
77.
Q: What is an endemic disease? A: A disease that is constantly present in a population51.
78.
Q: What is an epidemic disease? A: A disease that occurs in a larger-than-normal number of cases in a population51.
79.
Q: What is a pandemic disease? A: An epidemic that occurs on a global scale51.
80.
Q: What is incidence? A: The number of new cases of a disease in a given time period51.
81.
Q: What is prevalence? A: The total number of cases of a disease in a population at a given time51.
82.
Q: What are Koch's postulates? A: A set of criteria to establish the causative agent of a disease51.
83.
Q: What is a vector? A: A living organism that transmits a pathogen52.
84.
Q: What is a fomite? A: A nonliving object that transmits a pathogen53.
Host-Microbe Interactions
85.
Q: What are normal microbiota? A: Microorganisms that normally reside in or on a host54.
86.
Q: What is symbiosis? A: A relationship between two or more organisms54.
87.
Q: What are opportunistic pathogens? A: Pathogens that cause disease when the host is immunocompromised .
88.
Q: What is a virulence factor? A: A characteristic of a microbe that allows it to cause disease55.
89.
Q: Name three virulence factors. A: Capsules, exoenzymes, and toxins55....
90.
Q: What are exotoxins? A: Toxic proteins secreted by bacteria55....
91.
Q: What is endotoxin? A: The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, that cause a toxic response55....
92.
Q: What is a capsule and how does it help a pathogen? A: An external layer that surrounds the pathogen, protecting it from phagocytosis55.
93.
Q: What are biofilms in terms of virulence? A: They are more resistant to antimicrobial drugs and host defenses56.
Immune Systems
94.
Q: What is innate immunity? A: Nonspecific defenses that are present at birth54.
95.
Q: What is adaptive immunity? A: Specific defenses that develop in response to exposure to antigens54.
96.
Q: What are phagocytes? A: Cells that engulf and destroy pathogens57.
97.
Q: What are cytokines? A: Small signaling proteins used in immune responses54.
98.
Q: What are antigens? A: Molecules that induce an immune response54.
99.
Q: What are antibodies? A: Proteins that bind to antigens and facilitate their destruction54.
100.
Q: What are T cells? A: A type of lymphocyte involved in cellular immunity54.
101.
Q: What are B cells? A: A type of lymphocyte involved in humoral immunity54.
Vaccines, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics
102.
Q: What is a vaccine? A: A preparation that stimulates an immune response to protect against future infection54.
103.
Q: What is recombinant DNA? A: DNA that has been manipulated in vitro to create new combinations58.
104.
Q: What is a genomic library? A: A collection of DNA fragments from an organism's genome, cloned in a vector59.
105.
Q: What is a cDNA library? A: A collection of DNA fragments representing expressed genes, cloned in a vector60.
106.
Q: What are DNA probes used for? A: To detect specific DNA sequences in a sample61.
107.
Q: What is PCR? A: A technique to amplify specific DNA sequences61.
Antimicrobial Drugs
108.
Q: What are antimicrobial drugs? A: Drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms62.
109.
Q: What are antibiotics? A: A type of antimicrobial drug, often produced by microbes63.
110.
Q: What does selective toxicity mean? A: The ability of a drug to harm microbes without harming the host64.
111.
Q: How do beta-lactam drugs work? A: They inhibit the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall63.
112.
Q: How do polymyxin drugs work? A: They disrupt bacterial cell membranes63.
113.
Q: How do nucleoside analogs work? A: They inhibit viral DNA synthesis64.
114.
Q: What is drug resistance? A: The ability of microbes to withstand the effects of antimicrobial drugs65.
115.
Q: What are multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs)? A: Microbes that are resistant to multiple antimicrobials65.
116.
Q: What is cross-resistance? A: A single resistance mechanism conferring resistance to multiple antimicrobial drugs65.
117.
Q: What is an efflux pump? A: A mechanism that bacteria use to export antimicrobial drugs from cells65.
118.
Q: What does MBC stand for? A: Minimum bactericidal concentration .
119.
Q: What is an Etest used for? A: A method to determine the MIC of an antimicrobial .
120.
Q: What is a disk diffusion assay? A: A method to measure effectiveness of antimicrobials against a known bacteria by measuring the zone of inhibition43.
NoteStudied by 45 peopleNoteStudied by 17 peopleNoteStudied by 9 peopleNoteStudied by 13 peopleNoteStudied by 86 peopleNoteStudied by 29 people