Untitled Flashcards Set

sensatioin - the detection and taking in of information through our sense organs - physiological/physical process

Stages of Sensation - reception, transduction, transmission

reception - sensory receptors in a sense organ detects the presence of a stimuli

transduction - sensory receptors convert stimulus energy into electrochemical energy

transmission - electrochemical messages leave the sensory neuron and travels to the brain

perception - interpreting sensory information to give meaning and allowing for an individual to recognize and interpret information - psychological process

Stages of Perception - selection, organization, interpretation

selection - the brain filters the stimuli selecting important/relevant features for processing, while ignoring irrelevant features

organisation - grouping the selected features of stimuli to form a whole

interpretation - the brain interprets these wholes, giving them meanings drawing on past experiments

attention - how much specific stimuli you concentrate on, or are aware of.

types of attention - selective divided selective attention (complex) - focusing all of our awareness at any given moment on only a limited aspect of what we experienced

divided attention (simple) - the dividing of mental effort between tasks and stimuli which demand more or less the same amount of attention

cocktail party effect - cherry 1953 the ability for our brains to focus on particiular sounds showed how brains can selectively attend sounds based on physical characteristics such as pitch./loudness allows us to filter out irrelevant noise selective attention is the switch of mental resources from one cognitive task to another, a highly focused state. memory - internal record of some previous experience that involves the encoding storage and retrieval of information.

process of memory - encoding, storage, retrieval

encoding - process of information into a suitable form for storage in the brain storage - retention of info in the memory over time

retrieval - getting info out of stored memory

Mutli-store model of memory MSM - a three stage model of memory where information processes through sensory memory, short term memory, and into long term memory.

atkinson & shiffrin (1968) memory capacity - how much information can be stored

Memory Duration - how long can the information be stored memory encoding - how is the information stored

iconic encoding - a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

echoic encoding - A momentary sensory memory of auditory; maintenance rehearsal - use of repetition of information to retain it for immediate use e.g repeating phone number in head

eleborative rehearsal - the use of strategies that link new material to be remembered with other information new or previously obtained

separations of long term memory - declarative procedural episodic semantic

Declarative/explicit memory - (what) facts data and events requires conscious effort

procedural (implicit) memory - (how) automatic and effortless retrieval once skill is well established

episodic - personal events

semantic - general factual information

short term memory - information you are aware of that can be held on to for a short period for conscious use

short term memory capacity - 5-9 pieces of information best for numbers worst for letters and words better for echoic than iconic information

short term memory duration - up to 30 seconds 5-18 seconds without rehearsal adaptive and gets rid of useless information

short term memory encoding - most of information processed via auditory encoding information is maintained through rehearsal and chunking

rehearsal - enables information to be retained in short term memory longer and is used to transfer information into long term memory

chunking - combining information into larger meaningful groups baised on patterns increases the capacity of STM Working memory model

baddeley and hitch - refers to that bit of memory that you use when working on a complex task which requires you to store information as you go along

Visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSS) - Temporarily stores a limited amount of visual and spatial info for a brief period of time. It's anything you can see, including features of an image. Spatial info refers to the visual location of objects in space. Eg sitting down on a chair without looking. Capacity is limited, occipital lobe.

Phonological loop - the part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information brocas and wernicks

central excecutive - the whole process is organized and run by the central executive directs attention to relevant information

episodic buffer - A component of working memory where information in working memory interacts with information in long term memory (eg. relating information you are processing to a previous memory)

role of frontal lobe in memory - important for encoding information as well as short-term (working) memory; prefrontal cortex important for deeper encoding, episodic memory + motor skills

role of occipital lobe in memory - remembering pictures

role of parietal lobe in memory - spatial memory

role of temporal lobes in memory - memory for sounds, names

limbic system - neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives.

role of hippocampus in memory - explicit long term memory retrieving declarative memories spatial memory

role of amygdala in memory - emotional long term explicit- procedural memory procedural memory/ skill learning encodes memories at a deeper level when the event is emotionally arousing

role of baralganglia in memory - long term procedural memory movement

role of cerebellum in memory - memory of motor skill tasks encoding, processing storing of procedural memories classically conditioned responses e.g writing tying shoes all implicit one learnt.

Forgetting - a failure to retrieve previously stored information

forgetting factors - failures of encoding retrieval failure, incapacity to recover and acess a particular peice from long term memory storage (info is available but not accesable) retrieval cues, aspects of individuals physical and cognitive environment can trigger the memory external retrieval cues:information about the situation stored with new memory external retrieval - how info was presented - printed -spoken - sung -volume

internal retrieval cues - Are based on the physical or psychological state of the person when information is encoded and retrieved

Interference - forgetting occurs due to the competing presence of other information being stored more likely to occur when both sets of information are similair the more similiar the two memories are the more likely they are to be interfered

proactive interference - the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information e.g learn highschool locker combination - proactive interference-> memory of old locker interferes with recall of new gym locker

retroactive interference - the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information e.g knowledge of new email adress interferes with recall of old email adress <-retroactive interferance-- learns siblings new college email

motivated forgetting - forgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety-laden that remembering it is intolerable

repression (unconscious) - unwanted thoughts or impulses being unconsciously pushed out of awareness into our subconscious mind repressed memories of truamatic events are thought to linger in our subconscious and influence our behaviour as adults

Suppression (conscious) - consciously forgetting memories decay theory - proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time. even after encoding things properly we can forget later on there is gradual fading of the physical memory trace sometimes memory fades because of accumulation of other learning that disrupts our retrieval