Chemical Context of Life

Element VS compound 

• Elements cant be broken down

• Only one element 

Compounds are ionic, covalent, or polyatomic 

Ionic 

• One metal and one non metal

• Transfers elections 

• Metal name plus non mental and ide at the non metal

• Metal first then non metal

Covalent 

• 2 non metals

• Named by

• Mono di tri tetra penta hexa hepta octa nona deca 

• 2nd element uses ide 

Polyatomic 

• Compounds with a charge 

• Some contain oxygen 

Multivalent 

• Uses roman numerals for charge

• Transitioinal elements 

Essential

• Something needed for an organism to live a healthy life and reproduce (key word is NEEDED)

Humans need 25 elements to live

Plants need only 17

Elements make up 96% of living matter, 

• Oxygen

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Nitrogen

The remaining 4% is made of 

• Calcium 

• Phosphorus

• Potassium 

• Sulfur

IMPORTANT

• Potassium allows the nerves to respond to stimulation and muscles to contract   (tighten) including those muscles in the heart

Trace Elements

• Needed only in small quantities by only certain species

• Like iron or iodine 

WATER AND LIFE

POLAR - Water loving, Hydrophilic

NON-POLAR -  Water hating, water fearing, hydrophobic 

Polar covalent bonds 

• When elections are unequally shared between atoms

Non-polar covalent bonds 

• When elections are more equally shared between atoms 

Hydrogen Bonds

• Helps water stick together, hold

• 4 hydrogen bonds can stick to one water molecule 

• Diagram in notes

• H has a small charge of + 

• O has a small charge of - 

• They bond to eachother 

Cohesion 

• Molecules of pure substances are attracted to themselves 

• Key point: like substances stick together 

• How attraxticed the molecules are is how cohesive they are, like water is very cohesive because of their hydrogen bonding, and it sticks together

Adhesion 

• Think adhesive like glue sticking 2 different substances

• Molecules of 2 different substances are attracted to each other,  NOT LIKE SUBSTANCES

• 2 different molecules 

ELECTRONEGATIVITY 

• How attractive an element is (attracting electrons) 

• “Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract shared electrons to itself”

• Also, the more electronegative an element is, it might be closer to H and O, the elements of water

• It means its more or less polar

• Noble gasses are not electronegative because they are very stable

• Noble gasses only interact and react with elements under very specific conditions

DIPOLE MOMENT
- an unequal sharing of electrons caused by imbalance of electron-negativity 

• Hydrogen bonding makes water more cohesive, making it harder to boil 

• Sweating is an example of when your body is regulating itself, its temperature,  MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS ( A BALANCE IN AN EQUILIBRIUM), maintaining balance in an ecosystem 

SURFACE TENSION

• More hydrogen bonds tend to form at the surface of water, creating something almost like a border

• Really light things such as flies can float on the surface of water 

Capillary action

• When water moves up against gravity

• Happens when; Adhesion>Cohesion 

• For example: Xylem only allows movement one way, while Phloem allows movement both ways

Solute, solvent, solution

• Solute + Solvent = Solution

• Solute - the substance being mixed in

• Solvent - the liquid that it is being dissolved in

• Solution - the solute and solvent all mixed together 

Acids

• Binary (H + Non-metal)

• Oxyacid (H + Polyatomic compound) - Ate turns to ic, Ite turns into us

• H2O=H2+O  both have charges

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

• When water is produced

• Example

• Glucose + Galactose = Lactose 

• C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 = C12H22O11 + H2O