Baroque - “miss - shapen pearl”

French word meaning - bizzare, fantastic, or irregular

From the end of 16th century until 1750

Systematization : Urban Spaces, Insfrastructure , Mathematics

Last great universal style - there was only one way of doing architecture

Gothic (emotional) + Renaissance (rational) = Baroque

Influences:

• Invented analytic geometry, linking the previously separate fields of geometry and algebra

• Cartesian Plane - Systematize space

Sack Of Rome 1527 - during the conflict betwwen the emperor Charles V and the league of Cognac

Rise of protestantism

• Vatican become less powerfull

95 theses by Martin Luther established Protestanism

1520 appealed to the german princess to attack the church ideologically

COUNCIL OF TRENT (1545-1563)

• Condemnations on protestant heresies

• Define Church

• Issued numerous reform decrees

• Embodiment of the ideals of the counter- reformation

• Prohabitation against centralized churches

PANTHENON OF THE SAINTS

• Stir the senses - Strong relationship with the religious experience

• Contemporary saints were canonized

Saint Agnus Loyola (1491-1556) - Reenacts the suffering of the Christ

Saint Philip Neri ( 1515-1595) - noted for founding a society of secular clergy called the Congregation of the Oratory

Chiaroscuro - ( from italian chiaro “light” and scuro “dark”) Technique employed in the visuals arts to represent the light and shadow as they define three- dimensional objects

Art from baroque period is theatrical , non-idealized and with strong light shade

Pope Sixtus V (1521-1590)

• responsible for urban development in Rome - Obelisk at every point to give direction

• Focus on the technology of the ancient roman rather than intellectual

• Restored infrastructures such as Aqueducts: Fake facades ": Quirinale palace

• Domenico Fontana - Architect to Pope Sixtus V

DOME OF SAINT PETER BASILICA - Giacomo della Porta and Domenico Fontana brought the dome to completion in 1590

EARLY BAROQUE - 1600-1625

HIGH BAROQUE - 1625-1675

LATE BAROQUE - 1675 -1725

ROCOCO - 1725-1800

CARLO MODERNO- Foremost pioneer of baroque whose masterpiece the facade of saint peter’s basilica , Vatican City

St. Peter’s Basilica - Constructed under various architects throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

The two foremost names in baroque architecture are Bernini and Borromini , both of whom worked primarily in Rome

Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598- 1680) - the greatest architect and sculptor of the baroque Period

Francesco Borromini ( 1599-1667) - developed an inventive and distinctive , if somewhat idiosyncratic ,architecture employing manipulations of Classical architectural forms

Magnificent Chateaux -The most famous Baroque Structures of France

17TH CENTURY- In which century did the Baroque architectural style primarily flourished

FRANCESCO BORROMINI - Which famous baroque architect designed the church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane In Rome

IRREGULARLY SHAPED PEARL -The term “baroque” is believed to have been derived from thr Portuguese word “barroco”. What is the literal English translation of “barroco”?

CUPOLA - In baroque architecture what is the name for decorative structure that typically surmounts the dome of a building?

GIAN LORENZO BERNINI -Who was the famous italian architect known for his contributions to baroque Architecture, including the design of the St. Peter’s Baldachin in the Vatican?

St, Peter’s Basilica - What Baroque church is located in rome and is famous for its striking dome designed by Michelangelo?

PALAIS DE VERSAILES - What is the famous palace in France,Known for its Hall of Mirrors, is considered a prime example of Baroque Architecture?

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

- Renaissance is from the Italian word: Rinascimento, from ri - again, and

nasare - be born; first used by Giogio Vasari

- marked by a new concept of “rebirth” of the spirit of Classical antiquity

- architectural development that started after Gothic when the power of the

religion (papal authority) returned to Rome, Italy and succeeded by

Baroque- begun in Florence in 1420; associated with growing secularism and

renewed interest in Ancient Roman civilizations

- started with the work of FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI for the dome of Florence

Cathedral- created for and patronized by the merchant-aristocrat families

- EMERGENCE OF THE NEW ARCHITECT- designers were no longer craftsmen

but creative and versatile artists who assumed the role of scientist and

cultured men. The architect was considered a DIVINELY-INSPIRED GENIUS

- Intensified concern with secular life interest in humanism and assertion of

the importance of the individual

II. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

IN EUROPE

1. SOCIO-POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT

1. AGE OF HUMANISM

§ A new focus on earthly fulfilment rather than a preparation for

paradise (heaven).

§ Medieval crusades and the Inquisition were replaced by a

calculated economic interest, without denying the existence

of God.

§ Architecture was no longer the continuation of a practical

tradition, handed on through mason’s lodges; it was a literary

idea. The architect was not just putting up a building; he was

following a theory.

2. REFORMATION MOVEMENT - (Baroque)1517, led by Martin Luther resulted in plain forms, uncluttered interiors and churches without subsidiary altars

§ Successful merchants were the ruling class

3. CITY STATES - with centralized administration, organized armies,aggressive sense of expansionism and “realistic politics”

2. INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES

1. PRINTING PRESS -invented in 1450 enabling the architects in other European countries to acquire copies of treaties and key

PLANAR CLASSICISM (i.e. “flat classicism”). Tends to divide a wall into neat sections, with such elements as columns, pilasters, and stringcourses.

- Increase the refinement and systematization of architectural drawings

- CITY PLANNING was based on radial street systems and planned geometric

principles around important monuments, fountains and obelisks

BUILDING ELEMENTS

1. PLAN - symmetrical and proportion, based on module of square and rectangles

2. FACADES - symmetrical around their vertical axis, domestic buildings are often surmounted by a cornice

3. COLUMNS AND PILASTERS - the Roman orders of columns are used: Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite

4. ARCHES – semi circular

5. WALL - new treatments were used for walls.rusticated masonry, rusticated wall angles or QUOINS external walls are usually of highly finish ashlar masonry laid in straight courses ground floor and basement were often emphasized by rusticated

6. Introduction of BALUSTERS - short vertical members often circular in section used to support a stair handrail

7. DOME is crowned with a lantern and the pointed arch of the Gothic was changed into Roman circular arch (barrel) used cast iron for support (Florence Dome) used frequently both as a very large structural feature that is visible from the exterior and can be used to roof smaller spaces

8. VAULTING - characterized by semi-circular vaults without ribs and depends for effect on colored frescoes

9. CEILING timber roofs are no longer left open, but are frequently lined

internally with plaster ceilings, horizontal or arched and

enriched with decoration used cast iron for support (Florence

Dome)

§ flat or coffered painted or decorated

10. DOORS and WINDOWS

§ openings are flanked by two columns or on piers and pilasters

supporting cornice and semicircular or triangular pediment or

are enclosed in rusticated blocks

§ windows may be paired and set within a semi-circular topped

opening flanked with by two lower Palladian arch or window