Chapter 2: Stress
Core Concepts in Health 16th ed.
Vocabulary
==Distress:== brought on by an unpleasant stressor.
==Eustress:== brought on by a pleasant stressor.
==Allostatic load:== the long-term wear and tear of the stress response
- High allostatic load is linked to a greater risk of disease.
- Greater susceptibility to disease after repeated or prolonged stress may be due to the stress response itself rather than depletion of resources.
==Stressors:== mental states/events/situations that trigger physical, psychological, emotional reactions
==Nervous system:== the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; handles very short-term stress
==Endocrine system:== glands, tissues, and cells that help control body functions
- Release functions
- Helps prepare the body to respond to stress,
- Handles both acute and chronic stress
==Fight-or-flight reaction:== (trigger of physiological changes)
- Heart rate & respiration accelerate
- Hearing and vision become more acute
- Liver releases extra sugar into bloodstream
- Perspiration increases
- Brain releases endorphins
==Acute stress:== very short-term (acute) stress. Can cause a rise in immune cells, which enhances the immune response. Nervous system only handles acute stress.
- Symptoms resolve in less than a month.
==Chronic stress:== long-term (chronic) stress. Endocrine system handles both acute and chronic stress.
- Causes prolonged secretion of cortisol, which negatively affects the immune system and causes an acceleration of diseases associated with inflammation, including multiple sclerosis, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and clinical depression.
==1. What factors contribute to stress (common sources of stress)?==
Major Life Changes
Daily Hassles
College Stressors
- Academic stress
- Interpersonal stress
- Time pressures
- Financial concerns
- Worries, especially about the future
Job-Related Stressors
- High levels of this can result in burnout: physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion
Social Stressors
- Real Social Networks
- Digital Social Networks
Environmental Stressors
- Natural disasters
- Acts of violence
- Industrial accidents
- Intrusive noises/smells
Internal Stressors
- Created by ways we think and perceive things
Traumatic Stressors
- Automobile accidents, assaults, and rape
@@2. Strategies to cope with stress (productive and counterproductive)@@
- @@Productive:@@
Shore up your support system
- Foster friendships
- Keep your family ties strong
- Get involved in a group
Volunteer
- But know your limits
Improve your communication skills
- Communicate assertively
- Avoid suppressing feelings/expressing them aggressively
Develop healthy exercise and eating habits
- Regular physical activity can reduce many of the negative effects of stress
- Healthful eating gives you energy to use when experiencing stress
- Excess stress can negatively affect the way you eat
Identify and moderate individual stressors
Learn mindfulness
- Intentional cultivation of attention in a way that is non-judging and non-striving
- @@Non-productive:@@
Don’t avoid challenging situations
- Maintain a stress level that is neither too high nor low
Tobacco use should be avoided
- Although nicotine can make one feel relaxed, but it is highly addictive
- Negative consequences outweigh the positive benefits
Use of alcohol and other drugs is also counterproductive
- Stimulants: amphetamines
- Marijuana
- Opioids: morphines and heroin
- Tranquilizers: Valium and Xanax
Unhealthy eating habits developed as a way of coping
3. Healthy sleep habits
Set a consistent sleep schedule. Go to bed at the same time and wake up at the same time.
Create regular bedtime rituals.
Get regular exercise.
Keep a healthy diet.
Limit caffeine and avoid nicotine.
Avoid alcohol.
Keep naps short.
Use your bedroom for sleep only.
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%%4. Time management strategies%%
- Set priorities, focusing on essential and important tasks.
- Schedule tasks for times of peak efficiency.
- Set realistic goals and commit to achieving them by writing them down.
- Budget enough time to achieve goals by making a reasonable estimate and then adding another 10% to 15%, or even 25%, as a buffer.
- Break up long-term goals into short-term ones.
- Visualize the achievement of goals; mentally rehearse the performance of tasks.
- Keep track of the tasks you put off, in order to analyze your reasons for procrastinating.
- Consider tackling the least pleasurable tasks first.
- Consolidate tasks when possible.
- Identify quick transitional tasks.
- Delegate responsibility—asking for help as appropriate and necessary.
- Say “no” when necessary without feeling guilty.
- Take breaks and allow for real free time to enjoy other activities.
- Avoid your personal “time sinks,” such as watching TV, surfing the Internet, and talking on the phone.
- Stop thinking about getting started—just do it!
^^5. How to create a personal plan to manage stress.^^
- Define the problem.
- Identify the causes.
- Consider multiple solutions.
- Weigh the pros and cons of possible solutions.
- Choose a solution.
- Make a list of the tasks involved in your solution.
- Carry out the tasks.
- Evaluate the outcome and revise if necessary.