Untitled Flashcard Set

2.1.1 population, health, and geography

• The scientific study of the population of characteristics is demography

• Carrying capacity is the maximum population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely

• Overpopulation occurs when the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

2.1.1

• The world can be divided into seven population portions, each containing more than 1 billion people

2.1.2 High and low population concentrations

• The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement is known as the ecumene

2.1.2 

• There are four major population clusters: 

• East asia

• Southasia 

• Europe

• Southeast asia

 Much of the earth is sparsely populated:

• To dry, ex, the Sahara

• Too wet ex, Amazon

• Too cold, arctic

• To high ex: Himalayas

2.1.3 population density

• There are three measures of population density frequently used by geographers:

•  -Arithmetic density: people/land area

• Physiological density: people/Arabe land

• Agriculture density: farmers/ arable land

2.1.3 population density

• Canada, Egypt, the Netherlands, and the United States have vastly different arithmetic, physiological, and agricultural population densities

2.2.1 

• The natural increase rate (NIR) is the percentage by which the population grows in a year

• The global NIR is currently 1.3, meaning the world is growing at a rate of 1.2 percent annually

• More than 95 percent of natural increase currently occurs in developing countries

• The number of years needed to double the population is called doubling time

2.2.2 births and deaths

• Natural increase occurs when births (fertility) exceed deaths (mortality)

• Crude birth rates (cbr): live birts/year divided by 1000 people

• Crude death rate (CDR) deaths/yeat divided by 1000 people

• The total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

• The infant mortality rate(MIR) is the annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age. #death age 0-1 divided by 1000 live births

2.2.2 births and deaths

• The highest birth rates are connected in Africa and Southwest Asia

2.2.2

The highest IMRs are in sub-Saharan Africa, and the lowest IMRs are in Europe

2.2.2

• Cards do not follow the pattern of many other demographic statistics

2.2.3 The demographic transition is a process of change in a society's population from high crude birth and death rates and low rates of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rates of natural increase, and a higher total population.

2.2.3 There are four stages in the demographic transition:

 Stage one: low growth (very high cbr and cdr, very low nir)

Stage two: high growth (high CBR, rapidly declining CDR, and very high NIR)

Stage three: moderate growth (rapidly declining CBR, moderately declining CDR, and moderate NIR)

Stage four: low growth (very low CBR or slightly increasing CDR, and low or negative NIR)4

2.3.1 aging and health 

• Life expectancy is the average number of years an individual can be expected to live

• The dependency ratio is the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years

• The potential (or elderly) support ratio is the number of working-age people (ages 15 to 64) divided by the number of persons 65 and older. 2.3.1

• The dependency ratio is the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years

• Stage 2 countries have large populations under the age of 15

• Stage 4 has a large population over the age of 65

• There are currently 6.5 people working for every elderly person. 

2.3.4 - The epidemiologic transition focuses on distinctive 

Health threats in each stage of the demographic transition: 

• Stage 1: pestilence and famine

• For example, the pandemic (black plague)

• stage 2: receding pandemics 

• Stage 3: degenerative diseases 

• Delayed degenerative and lifestyle diseases

2.3.4 

• The Broad Street Pump was identified as the source of the cholera outbreak

2.4.2 population features

• Stage 5 of the demographic transition will feature a negative NIR

2.4.1 

• A pronatalist policy is a government that supports higher birth rates (ex: China, and India)

• An antinatalist policy

• It is a government policy that supports lower birth rates ( e.g., Japan)

2.4.2 Family Features

• What causes CBR to decrease

• Education and health care: women empowered; higher investment in each child

• Contraception: not always available; supply can help increase CBR

2.4.3

Stage 5 of epidemic transition: infections and parasitic diseases reemerge

• evolution: antibiotic 

2.4.3

• Malaria is found primarily in tropical regions of developing countries and has become more drug-resistant

2.4.3 

• HIV has diffused around the world through people moving and traveling

• HIV diffused through the United States through major international connections such as airports. 

2.4.4

• Malthus (1798): Population will exceed food supply. Malthus argued that food production would increase arithmetically (e.g. 12345) but population would grow geometrically (e.g. 112468 16

• Neo Malthusians today: population will ultimately exceed food or another resource ( and already has in selected regions of the developing world)

2.4.4

China's food production has outpaced population growth, while African food production is barely enough to keep pace with population growth

2.4.4

• The COVID-19 pandemic has been especially severe in developed countries

3.1.1 

• Migration is a permanent move to a new location

• Mobility: one's ability to move from place to place. NOT all mobility is migration. Short, repetitive movement (e.g., going to work daily is known as circulation

3.1.1

• Emigration is migration from a location; immigration is migration to a new location

• The difference between the number os immigrants and the number of emigrants is the net migration

3.1.1

• About 4 percent of the world's people are international migrants

3.1.2

• A permanent move from one country to another is international migration. International migration is further divided into two types:

1. Voluntary migration

Means that the migrant has chosen to move, usually for economic reasons, though sometimes for environmental reasons.

2. Forced migration means that the migrant has been compelled to move by political or environmental factors

3.1.2

• A permanent move within the same country is internal migration

• There are two types of internal migration

1. Interregional: movement from one region to a different one.

2. Intraregional: movement within one region

3.1.3

• The United States has had three main eras of immigration:

• Colonial settlement in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

• Mass European immigration in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century

• Asian and Latin American immigration in the late twentieth and early 

3.2.3

• Rural to urban migration is most common in developing countries

• Urban to suburban is common in developed countries

• Urban to rural (counterurbanization) is observed in some cases

3.3.3 

• In recent years, urbanization has diffused to developing

• Countries, including Ethiopia

• The largest U.S intraregional migration flows are from the city to the suburbs

• Most countries that had population growth between 2019 and 2020 are in the south and west, including many rural counties

3.3.1 

• A combination of push and pull factors

• Push factor: includes people who want to move out of their present location

• Pull factor: includes people who move into a new location

• Intervening obstacles cause people to engage in step migration, which follows a series of steps to the final destination

• Pull factor: attractive environments

3.3.3

• The UN High Commission for Refugees recognizes three groups of people who are forced to migrate for political reasons:

  • Refugees have been forced to migrate to another country 

  • AN internally displaced person(IDP) is a refugee who has not migrated across an international border

  • An asylum seeker is someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee. 

3.3.3

• In 2022, the U>N> counted around 45 million refugees, 53 million IDPs, and 5 million asylum seekers.

3.3.3

• In 2022, the largest number of refugees came from Ukraine as a result of Russia’s invasion.

• The largest number of Ukrainian refugees went to Poland, Germany, and Russia 

3.3.3

• Forced political migration occurred extensively in the United States during the nineteenth century

  • Native Americans and the Trail of Tears

3.4.1

• Most portions of Northern and Western Europe net-migration 

3.4.1

• A look a net migration statics in the United KIndom 

3.4.1

• Germany and other wealthy European countries operated guest worker programs, which people from poorer countries were allowed to immigrate temporarily via circular migration 

3.41

• Many immigrants who arrived originally under the guest worker program have remained permanently in Europe

• Many immigrants who arrived originally under the guest worker program have remained permanently in Europe

3.4.2 

• U.S quota acts: 

• - 1924:  TWO PERCENT OF U.C BASE POPULATION BY COUNTRY

• 1965 quotas by hemisphere (eastern and western) totaling 290000 per year

• 1978:global quota of 290000 per year

• 1990: quota raised to 700000 per year

• Preferences for family reunification, skilled workers, and diversity criteria.

• Skilled worker preference criticized for “brain drain”

3.4.2

• Those who enter a foreign country without documentation are called unauthorized immigrants.

• Roughly half of the 11 million unauthorized immigrants in the United States are from Mexico