Chapter 1 - Vocabulary Review I. Fill in the Blank: Forensic Science: Investigated by personnel, typically medical examiners or coroners, responsible for determining the cause, manner, and time of death; may include trained physicians conducting autopsies. Junk Science: Often results in wrongful convictions; exacerbates racial disparities in wrongful convictions. Forensic Toxicology: Focused on determining drug use, poisoning, or toxic exposure as part of legal investigations. Forensic Serology: Study of blood serum, saliva, and other bodily fluids in relation to crimes; may involve DNA typing. Forensic Entomology: Utilizes insects and related arthropods found on decaying remains to aid legal investigations. Forensic Chemistry: Assists in identifying unknown materials from crime scenes using various methods and instruments. Forensic Odontology: Applies dental science in legal investigations, primarily through comparing dental records with bite marks or human remains. Forensic Document Analysis: Involves examining documents related to crime scenes by scientists specializing in written, typed, or printed materials. Forensic Psychiatry: Branch focusing on assessing and treating mentally disordered offenders; requires a deep understanding of mental health laws. Forensic Fingerprint Analysis: A laboratory analyst that processes and examines fingerprint evidence in criminal cases. II. Matching: 16 - 20 16: Calvin Goddard - C: Major forensic scientist known for his invention, the comparison microscope. 17: Edmund Locard - D: Pioneer in forensic science known as the "Sherlock Holmes of France"; formulated the principle "Every contact leaves a trace." 18: Mathieu Orfila - A: Often called the "Father of Toxicology." 19: August Vollmer - E: First police chief to require police officers to have college degrees and promoted criminal justice education. 20: Alphonse Bertillon - B: Created an identification system based on physical measurements. III. Multiple Choice: 21: D: Criminalistics - Scientific examination of physical evidence for legal purposes. 22: A: Criminalist - Psychological study of crime scenes for motive, traits, and behavior. 23: B: Evidence - Availability of facts indicating whether a belief or proposition is valid. 24: D: Felony - A serious crime usually punishable by imprisonment for over a year or by death. 25: C: Violation - Failure to do what is legally required or expected. 26: A: Probable Cause - Reason based on known facts to believe a crime has occurred. 27: D: Indictment - A formal accusation against an individual suspected of committing a crime. 28: B: Bail - Temporary release of an accused person awaiting trial on guarantee of their appearance in court. IV. Rights and Legal Concepts: 29: D: Miranda Rights - Rights an officer must advise a person being arrested. 30: C: Violation - When laws or agreements are infringed. 31: D: Arraignment - Initial courtroom procedure where the accused is read the charges. 32: A: Civil Law - Body of rules governing private rights and disputes between individuals. 33: B: Criminal Law - System of law concerned with punishment for crimes. 34: D: Common Law - Legal rules made by judges through case rulings. 35: C: Statutory Law - Written laws from regulatory agencies and court decisions. 36: C: Misdemeanor - Lesser crime punishable by a fine or county jail time for up to one year. V. Additional Matching: 41 - 45 41: C: Sir Francis Galton - Father of Fingerprint Analysis. 42: A: Mikhail Gerasimov - Father of Facial Reconstruction. 43: E: Albert S. Osborn - Father of Document Analysis. 44: B: Lawerence Kersta - Father of Voice Analysis. 45: D: Alec Jeffreys - Father of DNA Fingerprinting.
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