In the United States, a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.

Micropolitan Statistical Area

cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants (but less than 50,000), the county in which they are located and surrounding counties with a high degree of integration

Nodal region

focal point in a matrix of connections

Social heterogeneity

The population of cities, as compared to other areas, contains a greater variety of people. Diversity is much larger than in rural areas.

time-space compression

through processes such as globalization time is accelerated and the significance of space is reduced which leads to urban growth.

Borchert's transportation model

Pedestrian cities

Cities shaped by the distances people could walk

Streetcar suburbs

communities that grew up along rail lines, emerged, often creating a pinwheel shaped city

Suburbanization

The process of people moving usually from cities, to residential areas on the outskirts of cities.

Sprawl

the rapid expansion of the spatial extent of a city

Leap Frog Development

where developers purchase land and build communities beyond the periphery of the city's built area. This usually encourages sprawl.

Boomburgs

rapidly growing suburbs

Edge cities

nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities

Counter urbanization

Urban residents leaving cities

Exburbs

the area/region beyond the suburbs

Reurbanization

People returning to live in a city

Megacities

cities with more than 10 million people

Metacities

Greater than 20 million people

Megalopolis

A chain of interconnected cities

Conurbation

an uninterrupted urban area made of towns, suburbs, and cities

World Cities (Global Cities)

Cities that exert influence far beyond their national boundaries

Urban hierarchy

ranking based on influence or population size

Nodal cities

Command centers on a regional and occasionally national level that are not as influential as world cities but still have significant power within a region of the country

Urban system

an interdependent set of cities that interact on the regional, national, and global scale

Rank-size rule

In a model urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy.

higher-order services

a good or service usually expensive, that people only buy occasionally, these are usually located in larger towns and cities with a large market area accessible to a large number of people

lower-order services

usually less expensive than higher-order services, require a small population to support, and are used on a daily or weekly basis

Primate city

a city that ranks first in a nation in terms of population and economy and are way more developed. Offer a wider range of services.

Gravity model

The larger and closer places will have more interactions than places that are smaller and farther away from each other

Central place theory

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

Central place

a location where people go to receive goods and services

Market area

Contains people who will purchase goods and services from the central place

hexagonal hinterlands

Compromise between a square (in which people living in the corners would be farther from the central place) and a circle (in which there would be overlapping areas of service)

Threshold

the size of population necessary for any particular service to exist and remain profitable

Range

The distance people will travel to obtain specific goods or services

functional zonation

portions of an urban area that have specific and distinct purposes

Central Business District (CBD)

The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge.

Bid rent theory

Land in the center of a city will have high value than land farther away from a city's center

Comensal relationship

Commercial interests benefit each other

Residential zones

Area where people live in a city

Concentric zone model

describes a city as a series of rings that surrounds a central business district. It is also known as the Burgess model.

What is the first ring surrounding the CBD in the centric zone model?

A transition zone that mixes industrial uses with low-cost housing. It is also high density.

What do the next three rings represent?

Moving outward one is for the working-class housing then the next ring is more expensive housing and finally the last ring is larger homes on the edge of the city and in the suburbs.

Sector Model (Hoyt Model)

This model describes how when the city was first built everything need to be right near the CBD so when the city grew larger and transportation became more prominent the section of land grew out and away from the CBD.

What do the sections include for the sector model?

Low, middle, and high class housing, industrial, transportation, and education.

Harris-Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.

Peripheral model

A variant of the multiple-nuclei model, describes suburban neighborhoods surrounding an inner city and served by nodes of commercial activity along ring road or beltway.

Galactic city model

Also made by Harris this model., in it an original CBD became surrounded by a system of smaller nodes that mimicked its function. As suburbs grew they took on some CBD function

Edge cities

A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.

What is in the middle of Islamic cities?

A mosque

What is on the outside of many Islamic cities?

A citadel which is a fort designed to protect the city.

suqs

traditional outdoor markets found in Islamic cities

Griffin-Ford Model

Describes Latin American cities where the CBD is the center of the city surrounded by wealthy living areas and from the CBD a commercial spine leads off consisting of shops, theaters, restaurants, parks, etc. At the end of the spine there is a mall.

What is on the outside of Latin American cities?(The periférico)

Shantytown which are majorly poor towns.

Favelas

neighborhoods where extreme poverty, homelessness, and lawlessness are common

Disamenity Zones

areas not connected to city services and under the control of drug lords and gangs

Traditional CBD

Before European colonization; has small shops clustered along narrow, twisting streets.

Colonial CBD

has broad, straight avenues and large homes, parks, and administrative centers

Informal economy zone

thrives with curbside, car-side, and stall-based businesses that often hire people temporarily and do not follow all regulations

Periodic markets

small scale merchants congregate weekly or yearly to sell their goods

Informal settlements

densely populated areas built without coordinated planning and without sufficient public services for electricity, water, and sewage

Squatter settlements

Residential developments characterized by extreme poverty that usually exist on land just outside of cities that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants.

McGee model

describes the land use of many large cities in Southeast Asia, where the focus of the modern city is often a former colonial port zone

Zoning ordinances

regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions can be used

Urban planning

The process of promoting grown and controlling change in land use.

Residential zones

areas where people live

Inner city

residental neighborhoods that surround the CBD

residential density gradient

as one moves farther from the inner city, population density declines along with the type and density of housing units

Filtering

The process of houses passing from one social group to another

invasion and succession

Refers to the process by which one social or ethnic group gradually replaces another through filtering

Urban infill

the process of increasing the residential density of an area by replacing open space and vacant housing with residences

Suburbanization of business

the movement of commerce out of cities to suburbs where rents are cheaper and commutes for employees are shorter

Infrastructure

The facilities and systems that serve the population

Municipal

The local government of a city of town and the services it provides

Municipality

refers to a local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction

Annexation

Legally adding land area to a city in the United States

Incorporation

the act of legally joining together to form a new city

bedroom community

Commuter suburbs
When cities are defined legally but lack an actual CBD

Unincorporated areas

populated regions that do not fall within the legal boundary of any city or municipality

Public transportation

Important infrastructure, transportation service for the general public operating on a regular, continual basis that is publicly or privately owned.

Sustainability

Using the earth's resources while not causing permanent damage to the environment

Smart growth policies

Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland.

Greenbelts

areas of undeveloped land around an urban area

Slow-growth cities

adopt policies to slow the outward spread of urban areas and place limits on building permits in order to encourage a denser, more compact city

New urban design

a set of strategies to put smart growth into action within communities

Mixed-use neighborhoods

Vibrant, livable, and largely walkable neighborhoods

Urban infill

the process of building up underused lands within a city

Transit-oriented development (TOD)

locates mixed-use residential and business communities near mass transit stops, resulting in a series of more compact communities which decreases the need for automobiles

livability

a set of principles that supports sustainable urban designs

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