AP PSYCH - DEVELOPMENT & LEANRING (UNIT 3)

Here’s the complete list, simplified and organized for easier memorization:

Developmental Psychology

• Developmental Psychology: Study of how people grow and change over time.

Prenatal Development

• Teratogens: Harmful substances (e.g., alcohol, drugs) that can hurt a baby during pregnancy.

• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (F.A.S.): Birth defects caused by drinking alcohol during pregnancy.

Learning and Growth Concepts

• Habituation: Getting used to something so you stop noticing it.

• Maturation: Natural physical and mental growth that happens with age.

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

• Sensorimotor Stage: (0–2 years) Babies learn through senses and actions.

• Preoperational Stage: (2–7 years) Kids think magically and are egocentric (can’t see others’ perspectives).

• Egocentrism: Only understanding things from your point of view.

• Theory of Mind: Realizing others have thoughts and feelings.

• Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A condition that affects communication and social interactions.

• Concrete Operational Stage: (7–11 years) Kids think logically about things they can see and understand conservation.

• Conservation: Knowing the amount of something stays the same even if it looks different.

• Formal Operational Stage: (12+ years) People think abstractly and solve complex problems.

Vygotsky and Language Development

• Scaffold: Support given to help a child learn something new.

• Phoneme: Smallest sound in a word (e.g., "ch" in "chip").

• Morpheme: Smallest unit of meaning in language (e.g., "un-", "-ing").

• Universal Grammar: Chomsky’s idea that all humans are born with the ability to learn language.

• Babbling Stage: (4 months) Babies make random sounds.

• One-Word Stage: (1 year) Babies speak single words.

• Two-Word Stage: (2 years) Kids speak in simple phrases.

• Aphasia: Difficulty speaking or understanding language due to brain damage.

• Linguistic Determinism: Language completely shapes how we think.

• Linguistic Relativism: Language influences but doesn’t control our thinking.

Attachment and Social Development

• Stranger Anxiety: Fear of strangers (starts ~8 months).

• Separation Anxiety: Upset when separated from a caregiver.

• Ecological Systems Theory: Bronfenbrenner’s idea that different environments (family, school, society) influence development.

• Attachment: Emotional bond with a caregiver.

• Critical Period: Specific time when development is easiest (e.g., language learning).

• Imprinting: When animals attach to the first thing they see (e.g., baby ducks).

• Temperament: A person’s natural emotional style.

• Secure Attachment: Feeling safe with a caregiver.

• Insecure Attachment: Feeling worried or distant from a caregiver.

• Basic Trust: Feeling the world is safe and predictable, learned in childhood.

• Anxious Attachment: Clingy and fearful of rejection.

• Avoidant Attachment: Distant and avoids closeness.

• Self-Concept: How someone sees and values themselves.

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

• Autonomy: Independence (2–3 years).

• Initiative: Confidence to take actions (3–5 years).

• Competence/Industry: Feeling capable of learning and doing things (6–12 years).

Parenting Styles (Baumrind)

• Authoritative: Loving but sets clear rules.

• Authoritarian: Strict with little warmth.

• Permissive: Too lenient and indulgent.

• Neglectful: Not involved in the child’s life.

Gender and Identity

• Aggression: Behavior intended to harm someone.

• Social Learning Theory: Learning by watching others.

• Gender Typing: Learning society’s roles for boys or girls.

• Androgyny: Having both masculine and feminine traits.

• Gender Identity: How you see yourself as male, female, or neither.

• Sexual Orientation: Who you are attracted to romantically.

• X/Y Chromosomes: X = female, Y = male.

• Testosterone: Male hormone.

• Estrogen: Female hormone.

• Menopause: When women stop having periods (~50 years).

Learning and Conditioning

• Learning: Gaining new knowledge or skills.

• Habituation: Getting used to something and stopping a reaction.

• Associative Learning: Connecting two events.

• Stimulus: Something that causes a reaction.

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

• Neutral Stimulus (NS): Something that doesn’t cause a response yet.

• Unconditioned Stimulus (US): Something that naturally triggers a response.

• Unconditioned Response (UR): Natural reaction to a stimulus.

• Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Learned trigger for a response.

• Conditioned Response (CR): Learned reaction to a stimulus.

• Extinction: When a learned behavior fades.

• Spontaneous Recovery: When a faded behavior returns.

• Generalization: Responding to similar stimuli.

• Discrimination: Knowing the difference between similar stimuli.

Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

• Law of Effect: Behaviors with good outcomes happen more.

• Reinforcement: Encourages a behavior.

• Punishment: Discourages a behavior.

• Shaping: Rewarding small steps toward a goal.

• Positive Reinforcement: Adding something good to increase behavior.

• Negative Reinforcement: Taking away something bad to increase behavior.

• Primary Reinforcer: Natural reward (e.g., food).

• Conditioned Reinforcer: Learned reward (e.g., money).

Schedules of Reinforcement

• Fixed-Ratio: Reward after a set number of actions.

• Variable-Ratio: Reward after a random number of actions.

• Fixed-Interval: Reward after a set amount of time.

• Variable-Interval: Reward after a random amount of time.

Learning Theories and Researchers

• Cognitive Map: Mental layout of a space (Tolman).

• Latent Learning: Learning that shows up later.

• Insight Learning: Sudden understanding of a problem.

• Observational Learning: Learning by watching others (Bandura).

• Bobo Doll Experiment: Kids mimic aggression they see (Bandura).

• Mirror Neurons: Brain cells that help with imitation.

• Prosocial Behavior: Positive, helpful actions.

• Antisocial Behavior: Negative, harmful actions.

Key Psychologists

• Jean Piaget: Cognitive development stages.

• Harry Harlow: Attachment in monkeys.

• Mary Ainsworth: Types of attachment.

• Albert Bandura: Social learning theory.

• Erik Erikson: Psychosocial development stages.

• Edward Tolman: Cognitive maps.

• Robert Rescorla: Predictability in classical conditioning.

• B.F. Skinner: Operant conditioning.

• Edward Thorndike: Law of Effect.

• John Garcia: Taste aversion.

• John Watson/Rosalie Rayner: Little Albert experiment.

• Ivan Pavlov: Classical conditioning.

• Diana Baumrind: Parenting styles.

• Konrad Lorenz: Imprinting in animals.

• Noam Chomsky: Universal grammar.

• Benjamin Whorf: Language shapes thought.

• Lev Vygotsky: Social learning and scaffolding.

• Alice Eagly: Gender roles.

• Alfred Kinsey: Sexual behavior.

• Carol Gilligan: Moral development differences in genders.

Let me know if there’s anything else you need to revise! 😊