MH

Psych 1: Methods/models of psychology

History and Models of Psychology

Terms

  • Empiricism: theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience, John Locke
  • Behaviorism: theory that human behavior can be explained by conditioning, not     thought/feeling
  • Humanism: focus on the individual and the idea that humans can fulfill their potential
  • Psychoanalytic theory: the role of the unconscious mind, the id ego and superego, freud
  • Social psychology: study of how behavior is influenced by presence/behavior of others
  • Psychometrics: study of the theory and technique of measurement, testing, assessment
  • The unconscious: The part of our mind that is uncontrollable, things happening without our conscious awareness in the brain
  • Natural selection: the process by which organisms adapt to their environment to survive
  • Cognitive psychology: the study of thinking and perception, inner mental processes
  • Biological psychology: the study of the role of our genetics in shaping who we are
  • Evolutionary psychology: the study of evolution as shaping human behavior
  • Biopsychosocial psychology: the study of how we are shaped by nature and nurture
  • Applied psychology: direct face to face care to patients in mental health settings
  • Research psychology: studies human behavior through experiments
  • Clinical psychology: treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders
  • Counseling psychology: help people cope with everyday problems
  • Psychiatry: a medical doctor specializing in mental health, can perscribe medicine for mental issues
  • industrial/organizational psychologists: focuses on employee behavior in the workplace
  • educational/school psychologists: supports student’s ability to learn, and teacher’s ability to teach in schools
  • Wilhelm Wundt: “the father of psychology” first to experiment with psych in a lab
  • Sigmund Freud: founded psychoanalysis, the unconscious mind, id ego superego
  • Carl Rogers: one founder of the humanistic approach
  • B.F. Skinner: founder of behaviorism
  • John B. Watson: popularized behaviorism and made a psychological school for it
  • Charles Darwin: evolutionary view, theorized natural selection
  • Case Study: an in-depth examination of a theory, researches complex issues to better understand human behavior
  • Correlation: a relationship or commonality between two variables
  • Naturalistic observation: research method involving observing subjects in their natural environment, no intervention
  • Extraneous variables: the uncontrolled variables that can affect outcome of research
  • Survey: gathers data by asking a group of people their thoughts, reactions, or opinions
  • Experiment: procedure to test theories about human behavior
  • Independent variable: what is changed in the experiment
  • Dependent variable: what is affected by the independent variable, what is being measured
  • Control group: the baseline for the experiment, independent variable not used
  • Experimental group: a group that is affected by the independent variable
  • Experimenter bias: the tendency of the researcher to introduce bias into an experiment
  • Double-blind procedure: an experiment where neither the researcher nor the participants know who is being affected by the independent variable until after the results are given, helps to avoid bias
  • Hypothesis: a proposed explanation based on limited knowledge to be tested
  • operational definition: the specific measurement of the dependent variable
  • Self-report distortion: misleading or false information based on individuals providing their own thoughts
  • Placebo: the sugar pill, seems real but isn’t
  • Placebo effect: if a person expects to be affected by the pill, their body can create effects similar to what medication could cause
  • Sample: a group of people participating in an experiment
  • Random sampling: the chosen from the larger population are randomly selected
  • Random assignment: the participants are randomly selected for control or experimental group
  • Scatterplots: shows relationship between 2 variables, dotted graph
  • Samping bias: when people selected for an experiment in a way that the groups will produce the intended results
  • Subjects: participants in an experiment
  • Confederate: research actors that secretly participate alongside subjects in an experiment
  • Variability: lack of consistency in pattern
  • Validity: being trustworthy, correct results
  • Test-retest reliability: reliability based on 2 tests over a longer period of time producing the same results
  • Inter-rater reliability: measures the agreement between subjective ratings from multiple raters
  • Variables: changing factors in an experiment
  • Positive correlation: variable relationship where they increase or decrease together
  • Negative correlation: variable relationship where when one increases the other decreases
  • Institutional Review Boards: reviews/ moniters research on human subjects according to FDA regulations
  • Debriefing: after an experiment explaining and understanding what happened
  • Informed consent: subjects must have a full understanding of what they are about to do and must agree
  • Histograms: bar graph recording and representing data
  • Statistical significance: quantifies whether or not the data is greatly affected by the changed variable
  • Stanley Milgram: psychologist who conducted controversial obedience experiments