Statistics Review #2

Card 1 (Front): What is the purpose of statistics in the context of scientific data? Card 1 (Back): Statistics are tools for summarizing, analyzing, and interpreting scientific data and assist the user to make conclusions about phenomena and "answer" the research question1 .

Card 2 (Front): Name and describe the different levels of data. Card 2 (Back):

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Nominal: Categorical data (e.g., gender, race, political affiliation)2 .

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Ordinal: Rank order data where the distance between categories is unknown (e.g., rankings like private, corporal, sergeant, lieutenant or ratings like very poor, poor, fair, good, excellent)2 .

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Interval/ratio: Data where the distance between categories is some accepted unit of measurement2 .

Card 3 (Front): What are the main functions of descriptive statistics? Card 3 (Back): The main functions of descriptive statistics are to organize, summarize, and simplify data2 .

Card 4 (Front): Define the following terms in the context of statistical analysis: Dependent variable, Independent variable, Predictor variable, Univariate analysis, Multivariate analysis. Card 4 (Back): These are terms used in the language of statistics2 . The source does not provide specific definitions for each.

Card 5 (Front): What are the common measures of central tendency? Card 5 (Back): The common measures of central tendency are Mean, Median, and Mode3 .

Card 6 (Front): What are the common measures of dispersion? Card 6 (Back): The common measures of dispersion are Range, Standard deviation, and Variance3 .

Card 7 (Front): What is the purpose of inferential statistics? Card 7 (Back): The purpose of inferential statistics is to draw conclusions about a population from sample(s) and to test the plausibility of hypotheses about a population3 . This includes tests of relationships and differences3 .

Card 8 (Front): Explain the concept of hypothesis testing. Card 8 (Back): Hypothesis testing uses a sample to decide whether a hypothesis is believable3 . It often involves a "null" hypothesis which we either reject (i.e., maybe something happened) or fail to reject (i.e., nothing happened)3 ....

Card 9 (Front): What are some common statistical tests for examining differences between means? Card 9 (Back): Common statistical tests for examining differences between means include the T-test and Analysis of variance (ANOVA)4 , as well as Repeated measures ANOVA and ANCOVA4 .

Card 10 (Front): What is a common statistical test for examining differences in proportions? Card 10 (Back): A common statistical test for examining differences in proportions is the Chi-square test4 .

Card 11 (Front): What are some statistical methods used to examine linear relationships between/among variables? Card 11 (Back): Statistical methods used to examine linear relationships include Pearson Correlation, Regression, and Beta values4 .

Card 12 (Front): What was the purpose of the study involving pulmonary rehabilitation and COPD patients? Card 12 (Back): The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a pulmonary rehabilitation to improve psychosocial adjustment to COPD and decrease use of Health care services4 .

Card 13 (Front): What was the design of the study involving dietary fat intake, smoking, and exercise in women after bypass surgery? Card 13 (Back): Subjects were randomly assigned into "special intervention" or "usual care" groups, and risk factors and lifestyle behaviors were measured at baseline and 1 year after surgery5 .

Card 14 (Front): What was the research question in the study about nursing instruction and patient compliance with self-medication? Card 14 (Back): The hypothesis being tested was that a higher proportion of subjects in the experimental group will be compliant than will subjects in the control group5 .

Card 15 (Front): What statistical test is likely used to analyze the data presented in the table about patient compliance (Experimental vs. Control groups)? Card 15 (Back): A Chi-square test is likely used to analyze this type of categorical data (Compliant/Noncompliant) to compare proportions between the two groups4 ....

Card 16 (Front): What was the aim of the study involving fruit ingestion and energy levels in high school athletes? Card 16 (Back): The study aimed to determine if there was a relationship between the amount of fruit ingested and energy level in high school athletes6 .

Card 17 (Front): What statistical measure is represented by 'r' in the results section about fruit ingestion and energy level? What does it indicate? Card 17 (Back): 'r' represents the Pearson Correlation, which indicates the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables4 ....

Card 18 (Front): What statistical technique was used to examine the relationship between multiple family, parent, child, and teacher characteristics and Teacher Rating of Performance? Card 18 (Back): Multiple regression was used7 .

Card 19 (Front): What does R² represent in the context of multiple regression? Card 19 (Back): R² represents the amount of the variance in the dependent variable (Teacher Rating of Performance) that is accounted for by the independent variables included in the model7 . In this case, parent expectations, child adaptive competency, externalizing behavior, and teacher expectations accounted for 59.9% of the variance7 .

Multiple-Choice Test Questions

1.

Which of the following is an example of nominal level data?2 a) Temperature measured in Celsius b) Educational level (e.g., high school, bachelor's, master's) c) Political affiliation (e.g., Democrat, Republican, Independent) d) Rankings in a race (1st, 2nd, 3rd) Answer: c)

2.

Descriptive statistics are primarily used to:2 a) Make inferences about a population based on a sample. b) Determine the probability of a null hypothesis being true. c) Organize, summarize, and simplify data. d) Test for significant relationships between variables. Answer: c)

3.

Which of the following is a measure of central tendency?3 a) Standard deviation b) Variance c) Range d) Median Answer: d)

4.

The standard deviation is a measure of:3 a) The central value of a dataset. b) The spread or dispersion of data around the mean. c) The most frequently occurring value in a dataset. d) The difference between the highest and lowest values in a dataset. Answer: b)

5.

Inferential statistics allow researchers to:3 a) Only describe the characteristics of their sample. b) Draw conclusions about a population based on a sample. c) Organize and summarize data. d) Calculate measures of central tendency. Answer: b)

6.

In hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis typically states that:3 ... a) There is a significant difference between groups. b) There is a significant relationship between variables. c) There is no effect or no difference between groups. d) The alternative hypothesis is true. Answer: c)

7.

A researcher wants to compare the mean test scores of two different teaching methods. Which statistical test would be most appropriate?4 a) Chi-square test b) Pearson Correlation c) T-test d) Regression Answer: c)

8.

A researcher wants to examine if there is a relationship between students' study time (in hours) and their exam scores. Which statistical technique would be most appropriate to assess the linear relationship?4 a) ANOVA b) Chi-square test c) Pearson Correlation d) T-test Answer: c)

9.

In the study about pulmonary rehabilitation, the researchers compared adjustment scores and use of healthcare services between two groups. Which of the following is the independent variable in this study?2 ... a) Psychosocial adjustment scores b) Use of healthcare services c) Participation in a formal pulmonary rehab program d) COPD diagnosis Answer: c)

10.

In the study about patient compliance with self-medication, what type of data is "compliant" or "noncompliant"?2 ... a) Interval/ratio b) Ordinal c) Nominal d) Continuous Answer: c)