Election of 1800:

• Election of 1800: Federalist lost control of both the executive and legislative branches

  • Thomas Jefferson becomes the 1st Democratic-Republican presdient

• “Revolution of 1800” 1st peaceful transfer of power between political parties

  • “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”

Federalist & the Judicial Branch:

• Federalist wanted to maintain some grip on power and passed the Judiciary Act of 1801

  • Created new judicial positions

• Called the Midnight Appointments

  • Attempt my Adams administration to put Federalist judges in place before leaving office

• One of the midnight judicial appointees (Willian Marbury) sued Secretary of State James Madison for refusing to deliver his commission

• **Marbury vs. Madison (**1803)

Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

• Parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was ruled unconstitutional

• SUPER IMPORTANT: Established the idea of Judicial Review

  • The Supreme Court has the power to declare federal laws unconstitutional

  • Massive expansion of judicial power

• As Chief Justice John Marshall will dramatically increase power of the federal government.

How Jeffersonian was Jefferson?

• Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans:

  • Strict Interpretation of the Constitution

  • Limited fed government, farmers!

• Jeffersonian policies: Eliminated excise taxes, lowered national debt

• Does not dismantle all of the Federalist policies: Kept the BUS & debt plan

• TJ attempted to buy New Orleans from France

  • Napoleon offers to sell all of the Lousiana territory for $15 million

    • Haitian Revolution

    • Fight against England

• Although the Constitution does not say the president could purchase foreign and, TJ supported the deal

  • Jefferson used loose interpretation of the Constitution & implied powers to make the deal

Lousiana Purchase?

• Doubled the size of the U.S.

  • Supports Jefferson’s vision of a agrarian society of intependent farmers

• Avoided a potential threat (France) along the nation’s borders

• Further weakened the Federalist party

• Lewis and Clark led a scientific xploration of the trans-Mississippi West.

  • Start of U.S. claims to the Oregon territory & Pacific coast

Aaron Burr does some wild stuff

• Burr plotted with some radical Federalist to secede New England states from the union

  • Alexander Hamilton helped defeat Burr in NY election

• Burr killed Hamilton in a duel in 1804

• PLotted to take part of Mexico from Spain and potentially unit it with Lousiana territory under his rule

  • Put on trial for treason but acquitted

Violation to American Neutrality

• The war in Europe continued to cause problems for the United States

• Violations of U.S. Neutrality

• Impressment: forced enlistment of Americans into the British Navy

• France issues the Berlin Decree(1806) that said they would seize ships trading with England

• England issued the Orders in Council(1806) that said ships must stop in England first

SHOWDOWN

• Chesapeake Leopard Affair (1807): English ship Leopard attacked American ship the Chesapeake

Jefferson’s Response

• Jefferson issued Embargo Act of 1807

  • Banned all U.S. trade with ALL foreign nations

• Impact: The United States economy plummeted

• Unintended Consequences:

  • Helped fuel the industrial revolution in the New England region

President James Madison

• James Madison becomes president in 1809

• Non-Intercourse Act (1809): the United States could trade with all nations EXCEPT France & England

• Macon’s Bill #2: U.S. would end embargo if the country respected U.S. neutrality and freedom of the sea

• Members of Congress in 1811 known as “War Hawks” advocated for war against England

  • Stop British harassment

  • Wipe out Native Resistance on the frontier

  • Take Canada from England

Native Resistance on the Frontier

• Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and "the Prophet" organized a confederacy of tribes east of the Mississippi

• William Henry Harrison organized an army and attacked native resistance in 1811 at Battle of Tippecanoe

War of 1812 Declared!

• England's arming of Natives on the frontier

• England's continued violations of U.S. neutrality

• Pressure from War Hawks in Congress

  • Desire for more land, protect American honor, etc.)

• Democratic- Republicans tended to favor France