HCOM 100 CH6-17

Key Terms and Concepts

1. Culture

   • Definition: A system of shared beliefs, values, symbols, and behaviors passed down through generations within a group.

   • Example: In Mexican culture, Día de los Muertos celebrates deceased loved ones, whereas Halloween in American culture focuses more on costumes and fun.

2. Intercultural Communication

   • Definition: Communication between people of different cultural backgrounds, which requires understanding and adapting to cultural differences.

   • Example: Using hand gestures in one culture may be polite, while in another it may be offensive (e.g., thumbs up is positive in the U.S. but offensive in some Middle Eastern cultures).

3. Collectivist vs. Individualist Cultures

   • Collectivist: Prioritizes group harmony, relationships, and shared goals. (Example: Japan or Mexico).

   • Individualist: Focuses on independence and personal achievement. (Example: United States).

4. Co-cultures

   • Definition: Smaller groups within a dominant culture that share specific norms, values, or beliefs.

   • Example: LGBTQ+ communities, religious groups, or ethnic minorities within a larger society.

5. Prejudice and Stereotypes

   • Prejudice: A negative attitude towards a group based on assumptions.

   • Stereotype: A generalization about a group.

   • Example: Assuming all people from a particular country are good at math or all teenagers are lazy.

6. Improving Intercultural Communication

   • Strategies: Be mindful of cultural biases, practice active listening, ask questions, and adapt communication to fit cultural norms.

Chapter 7: Listening

Key Terms and Concepts

1. Hearing vs. Listening

   • Hearing: Physiological process of perceiving sound.

   • Listening: Actively understanding and responding to messages.

   • Example: Hearing music in a coffee shop vs. actively listening to lyrics of a song to understand its meaning.

2. Types of Listening

   • Relational Listening: Focuses on building relationships and understanding emotions.

   • Task-Oriented Listening: Focuses on completing tasks (e.g., instructions at work).

   • Critical Listening: Evaluating information for accuracy (e.g., political debates).

3. Active vs. Passive Listening

   • Active Listening: Paying full attention, responding appropriately, and providing feedback.

   • Passive Listening: Hearing without understanding or engaging.

4. Unethical Listening Habits

   • Examples:

     • Selective Listening: Only hearing what you want to hear.

     • Defensive Listening: Taking innocent comments as personal attacks.

     • Pseudolistening: Pretending to listen while being distracted.

5. Improving Listening

   • Strategies: Focus on the speaker, remove distractions, ask clarifying questions, and provide nonverbal feedback (e.g., nodding).

Chapter 8: Developing and Maintaining Relationships

Key Terms and Concepts

1. Interpersonal Communication

   • Definition: Communication between two or more people to build or maintain relationships.

2. Social Exchange Theory

   • Definition: Relationships are maintained based on costs and rewards.

   • Example: Staying in a friendship because it provides emotional support.

3. Self-Disclosure

   • Definition: Sharing personal information to build intimacy in relationships.

   • Example: Telling a close friend about a personal challenge.

4. Social Penetration Theory

   • Definition: Relationships develop through layers of self-disclosure, from superficial to deeply personal topics.

   • Example: Meeting someone and starting with small talk, then later sharing fears and goals.

5. Stages of Relationships

   • Initiating: First interaction or introduction.

   • Exploratory: Small talk and getting to know one another.

   • Intensification: Increasing intimacy and sharing deeper feelings.

   • Stable: Long-term, secure relationship.

   • Declining: Conflict, growing apart, or lack of effort.

   • Termination: Relationship ends (e.g., breakup).

Chapter 13: Research Methods and Supporting Materials

Key Terms and Concepts

1. Research Methods

   • Primary: Collecting original data (e.g., interviews, surveys).

   • Secondary: Using existing information (e.g., books, articles).

2. Types of Supporting Materials

   • Examples: Real-life stories or anecdotes.

   • Statistics: Numerical evidence.

   • Testimony: Expert opinions or eyewitness accounts.

3. Plagiarism

   • Definition: Using someone else’s work without credit.

   • Avoidance: Use oral citations and proper formatting.

4. Oral Citation Criteria

   • Include: Author, source, date, and credibility of the material.

   • Example: “According to the CDC’s 2023 report, 1 in 5 Americans struggles with mental health.”

Chapter 14: Organizing and Outlining Speeches

Key Terms and Concepts

1. Speech Structure

   • Introduction: Hook, thesis statement, and preview.

   • Body: Organized main points with supporting evidence.

   • Conclusion: Summarize points and provide closure.

2. Transitions

   • Words or phrases to connect ideas.

   • Examples: “Next,” “In addition,” “To conclude.”

3. Organizational Patterns

   • Chronological: Based on time or sequence (e.g., history of computers).

   • Topical: Organized by categories or topics.

   • Problem-Solution: Presenting a problem and offering solutions.

4. Outlining Your Speech

   • Preparation Outline: Full-sentence outline with all details.

   • Speaking Outline: Brief keywords or bullet points for delivery.

5. Using Language Effectively

   • Strategies: Use vivid language, avoid jargon, and tailor language to your audience.

Chapter 17: Persuasive Speaking

Key Terms and Concepts

1. Persuasive Speaking

   • Definition: A speech that influences the audience’s attitudes, beliefs, or actions.

2. Aristotle’s Artistic Proofs

   • Ethos: Speaker’s credibility.

   • Pathos: Emotional appeal.

   • Logos: Logical arguments supported by evidence.

3. Propositions

   • Fact: Asserts something is true or false (e.g., “Climate change is real”).

   • Value: Evaluates something as good or bad (e.g., “Public education is important”).

   • Policy: Advocates for action (e.g., “We should implement recycling programs”).

4. Types of Audiences

   • Receptive: Open to your ideas.

   • Neutral: Indifferent; needs convincing.

   • Hostile: Opposed to your stance.

5. Avoiding Logical Fallacies

   • Examples:

     • Bandwagon: “Everyone is doing it!”

     • Hasty Generalization: Drawing a conclusion with insufficient evidence.